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. 2016 Sep 8;367(1):43–57. doi: 10.1007/s00441-016-2488-5

Fig. 3.

Fig. 3

Cellular redox regulation. Cells have a series of different mechanisms to combat the effects of redox imbalance. These can be divided into two categories: small molecules, such as H2O2 and glutathione, which act like signals and are important for the initiation of the redox response; and proteins, which are able to detect alterations in the levels of reactive oxygen species (Gpx3, Sod1), the GSH:GSSG ratio (glutaredoxin system) as well as in the redox state of proteins (thioredoxin system). The structures shown were obtained from the PDB website (http://www.rcsb.org/pdb/home/home.do) and are the following: thioredoxin pathway—Trx1 (PDB code: 2N5A), glutaredoxin pathway—Grx2 (PDB code: 3CTF), Gpx3 (PDB code: 3CMI) and Sod1 (PDB code: 1SDY)