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. 2017 Jan 1;38:1–12. doi: 10.1186/s41021-016-0055-7

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© The Author(s). 2016

Open AccessThis article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated.

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Fig. 9 — Formation of 8-nitroguanine and expression of Oct3/4 in bladder tissues. The formation of 8-nitroguanine (red) and the expression of Oct3/4 (green) were assessed by double immunofluorescence staining [21]. In the merged image, co-localization of 8-nitroguanine and Oct3/4 is indicated in yellow. Biopsy and surgical specimens were obtained from normal subjects and patients with SH-induced cystitis and bladder cancer. Normal tissues and urinary bladder cancer tissues without SH-infection were obtained from a commercial urinary bladder tissue array (Biomax.us, USA)