Table 1.
Human cancer caused by infectious agents worldwide and possible markers
| Infectious agents | Cancer site | Number of cancer cases | Cancer cases world wide (%) | Detection of 8-nitroguanine [Refs.] | Possible markers for CSC [20] |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Bacteria | |||||
| H. pylori | Stomach | 490,000 | 5.4 | Patients [31, 76] | SALL4, KLF5, LgR5 |
| Viruses | |||||
| HPV | Cervix and other sites | 550,000 | 6.1 | Patients [52] | CK17 CD44 (HPV16) Oct3/4 (HPV16) |
| HBV, HCV | Liver | 390,000 | 4.3 | Patients with HCV [39] Mice with HBV [Fig. 5B, unpublished data] |
CK19 Nanog, CD133 |
| EBV | Lymphoma Nasopharyngeal carcinoma |
99,000 | 1.1 | Patients [57] | LMP2A LMP1, Bmi-1 |
| HHV-8 | Kaposi sarcoma | 54,000 | 0.6 | ||
| HTLV-1 | Leukemia | 9,000 | 0.1 | ||
| Parasites | |||||
| SH | Bladder | 2,700 | 0.1 | Patients [21, 22] | Oct3/4 (patients with SH) [21] CD44v6 (patients without SH) [22] |
| Liver flukes | Cholangiocarcinoma | 800 | |||
| OV | Hamsters [68–70, 75] Patients [71, 74] |
CD133, Oct3/4 [74] | |||
| CS | |||||
| Total infection- related cancers | 1,600,000 | 17.7 | |||
| Total cancers in 1995 | 9,000,000 | 100 | |||
Abbreviations: CSC cancer stem cell, Refs. references