Table 3. Analysis of risk factors for pneumonia development among adult cases with acute respiratory illness.
| Non-pneumonia (n = 5,142) | Pneumonia (n = 317) | Univariate analysis | Multivariate analysis | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| P value | Odds ratio (95% CI) | |||
| Age (year) - mean | 47.5 (SD 19.4) | 68.5 (SD 15.8) | <0.001 | |
| Male sex - no. (%) | 2168 (42.2%) | 173 (54.6%) | <0.001 | |
| Influenza vaccine a | 1530 | 140 | <0.001 | 0.74 (0.54-1.0) |
| Pneumococcal vaccine b | 274 | 52 | <0.001 | 1.29 (0.87-1.92) |
| Age < 65 | 3496 | 65 | <0.001 | |
| Age ≥ 65 | 820 | 87 | <0.001 | |
| DM | 577 (11.2%) | 93 (29.3%) | <0.001 | 1.15 (0.84-1.59) |
| Chronic heart disease | 255 (6.1%) | 67 (21.1%) | <0.001 | 1.54 (1.07-2.22) |
| CVD | 211 (4.1%) | 45 (14.2%) | <0.001 | 1.37 (0.89-2.12) |
| Neuromuscular | 63 (1.2%) | 17 (5.4%) | <0.001 | 1.81 (0.94-3.5) |
| COPD | 67 (1.3%) | 26 (8.2%) | <0.001 | 2.01 (1.18-3.44) |
| Asthma | 130 (2.5%) | 33 (10.4%) | <0.001 | 2.13 (1.35-3.35) |
| CKD | 116 (2.3%) | 40 (12.6%) | <0.001 | 3.81 (2.36-6.16) |
| CLD | 115 (2.3%) | 15 (4.7%) | 0.006 | 1.86 (0.93-3.5) |
| Solid cancer | 319 (6.2%) | 37 (11.7%) | <0.001 | 1.10 (0.71-1.71) |
| Immunocompromised | 56 (1.1%) | 12 (3.8%) | <0.001 | 3.12 (1.47-6.62) |
| -Hematologic malignancy | 33 | 6 | ||
| -Solid organ transplant, | 9 | 2 | ||
| -BMT | 1 | 0 | ||
| -HIV/AIDS | 14 | 4 | ||
| Autoimmune disease | 95 (1.9%) | 18 (5.7%) | <.001 | 3.35 (1.79-6.27) |
CI, confidence interval; SD, standard deviation; DM, diabetes mellitus; CVD, cerebrovascular disease; COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; CKD, chronic kidney disease; CLD, chronic liver disease; BMT, bone marrow transplantation; HIV, human immunodeficiency virus; AIDS, acquired immune deficiency syndrome
aInfluenza vaccination record was not available in 215 patients.
bPneumococcal vaccination record was not available in 1,598 patients.