Figure 1.

In acute and circumscribed CNS injury, cooperative and mutually potentiating action of local and systemic immune response leads to resolution of neuroinflammation, limitation of neurodegeneration and stimulation of regeneration.

In chronic CNS injury, inadequate local and systemic immune response leads to chronic neuroinflammation and consequent increased neurodegeneration. This further amplifies detrimental neuroinflammation due to both impaired homeostatic protective environment and energy failure interfering with regeneration processes.