Model of desmoplakin (DP) assembly into desmosomes. The integration of DP and plakophilin (Pkp) occurs in three phases: (I) de novo appearance of DP at sites of cell–cell contact along with Pkp-2, (II) formation of DP-enriched particles containing Pkp on cytoplasmic intermediate filaments (orange strands), and (III) the translocation of cytoplasmic DP–Pkp particles to the plasma membrane. Dsc, desmocollin; Dsg, desmoglein; Pg, plakoglobin.