Figure 1.
Geographic and genetic affinities of European and Siberian populations. (A) Map of Siberia, Western Russia, and Eastern Europe shows geographic locations of individuals sequenced as part of this work. Colored areas of the map show geographical areas traditionally occupied by corresponding populations (Peoples of Russia 1994). The Ural Mountain range, a natural boundary between Europe and Siberia, is shown as blue peaks. Western Siberian ethnic groups that include Mansi, Khanty, and Nenets people inhabit the vast regions of taiga stretching from the Ural Mountains in Western Siberia to the Yenisei River in the Siberian East. Northeastern European populations, including Komi, Karelians, and Veps, occupy areas to the west of Ural Mountains. The Eastern Siberian populations, including Altayans, Yakuts, Buryats, Evens, and Evenks, occupy the Siberian taiga region between the Yenisei River in the west and Sea of Okhotsk in the east. Kalmyks migrated in the 17th century to the lower Volga region from a region in northwestern China. (B) Principal component analysis (PCA) of 892 modern-day humans from 27 populations mainly from Siberia and Europe. PCA was performed using a common set of 137,637 SNPs. Sequenced samples are shown using an asterisk. Samples genotyped using DNA microarrays are shown with dots.