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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2018 Mar 1.
Published in final edited form as: J Neuroimmune Pharmacol. 2016 Jul 2;12(1):31–50. doi: 10.1007/s11481-016-9692-7

Figure 4. Exosomes as nanocarriers.

Figure 4

Exosomes, small secreted vesicles about 40–100 nm, are released from all cell types (Batrakova and Kim, 2015; Kooijmans et al. 2012; Sun et al. 2010) and have been found in several bodily fluids (Aryani and Denecke, 2014). Exosomes possess the ability to attach to target cell membranes due to numerous surface proteins and ligands, such as tetraspanins and integrins, and therefore are able to transfer material into the target recipient cells (Batrakova and Kim, 2015).