Histone modifications in nonsmokers, smokers, and patients with COPD and with histone H4K12 acetylation. Whole lung homogenates from nonsmokers, smokers, and patients with COPD were used for immunoblot analysis against anti-histone H3K9ac, H3K56ac, H3K36me2, H3K79me2, H4K12ac, H4K16ac, H4K20me3, and total histone H3 and H4. Of all of the histone marks analyzed, the level of H4K12ac was significantly increased in lungs of patients with COPD. The band intensity was measured by densitometry, and data are shown as relative intensity to total histones H3/H4. Values are means ± SE (n = 4/group). **P < 0.01 vs. nonsmoker. #P < 0.05 vs. smoker.