Figure 2.

Promising therapeutic strategies for EPC therapy. Multistep combinational therapeutic strategies of EPC therapy against CVDs include the following: (1) patient-derived EPCs are isolated from healthy tissue; ((2), (3), (4)) improvement in EPC bioactivities via genetic modifications or pretreatment with natural compound or cocultured with other stem cells, such as MSCs and CPCs; and ((5), (6)) tissue engineering techniques using biomaterials protect cells from the harsh conditions of ischemic regions.