Table 2.

Chemical composition of various essential oils and their antifungal activity against human pathogens.

MAPs	Part used	Major chemical compounds	Inhibited microorganisms	References
Aegle marmelos	Leaves	γ-Cadinene, δ-carene, α-pinene	Candida albicans, Aspergillus niger, Fusarium oxysporum	[36]
Artemisia biennis	Aerial parts	(Z)-β-Ocimene, (E)-beta-farnesene, acetylenes, (Z)- and (E)-en-yn-dicycloethers	Cryptococcus neoformans, Fonsecaea pedrosoi, A. niger	[21]
Cinnamomum zeylancium	Bark, leaves	Cinnamaldehyde	C. albicans, C. parapsilosis, C. krusei	[23, 24]
Coriandrum sativum	Leaves	2E-Decenal, decanal, 2E-decen-1-ol, n-decanol	C. albicans	[26, 27]
Daucus littoralis	Leaves, stems, roots, flowers, fruits	Germacrene D, acorenone B	C. albicans	[80]
Dracocephalum foetidum	Leaves	n-Mentha-1,8-dien-10-al, limonene, geranial, neral	C. albicans	[32]
Eremanthuserythropappus	Leaves	(Z)-Caryophyllene, germacrene D, viridiflorol, p-cymene, γ-terpinene	C. albicans, C. gattii, C. gattii, C. neoformans, S. cerevisiae	[33]
Euphrasia rostkoviana	Essential oil	n-Hexadecanoic acid, thymol, myristic acid, linalool	C. albicans	[35]
Feoniculum vulgare	Seed	Trans-anethole, methylchavicol, limonene	Alternaria alternata, F. oxysporum, A. flavus	[81]
Fortunella margarita	Leaves	Gurjunene, eudesmol, muurolene	A. niger, C. albicans	[36]
Glechon spathulata	Leaves	β-Caryophyllene, bicyclogermacrene	Trichophyton rubrum, Epidermophyton floccosum	[82]
Glechon marifolia	Leaves	β-Caryophyllene, bicyclogermacrene	T. rubrum, E. floccosum	[82]
Lippia sidoides	Leaves	Thymol and carvacrol	C. albicans	[39]
Melaleuca alternifolia (tea tree oil)	Essential oil	Terpinen-4-ol, 1,8-cineole, γ-terpinene, α-terpinene, terpinolene	Alternaria spp. A. flavus, A. fumigates, A. niger, Blastoschizomyces Capitatus, C. albicans, C. glabrata, C. parapsilosis, C. tropicalis, Cladosporium spp., C. neoformans, Epidermophyton floccosum, Fusarium spp., Malassezia furfur, Microsporum canis, M. sympodialis, M. gypseum, Penicillium spp., Rhodotorula rubra, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Trichophyton mentagrophytes, T. rubrum, T. tonsurans, Trichosporon spp.	[42, 81, 83, 84]
Mentha pulegium	Arial part	Piperitone, piperitenone, α-terpineol pulegone	A. niger, C. albicans, C. zemplinina, Kloeckera apiculata, Metschnikowia pulcherrima, Tetrapisispora phaffii	[30, 41]
Momordica charantia	Seed	Trans-nerolidol, apiole, cis-dihydrocarveol, germacrene D	C. albicans	[44]
Myrtus communis	Leaves	Eugenol, α-terpineol, γ-terpinene, α-caryophyllene	C. albicans, A. flavus	[45, 85–87]
Nigella sativa	Seeds	Thymoquinone, p-cymene, α-thujene, thymohydroquinone, longifolene	A.  flavus, Fusarium moniliforme, F.  graminearum, P.  viridicatum	[46, 62]
Ocimum species (Ocimum basilicum, Ocimum gratissimum, O. kilimandscharicum, O. lamiifolium, O. suave)	Leaves, flower	Eugenol, methyl eugenol, cis-ocimene, trans-ocimene, α-pinene camphor	C. albicans, C. tropicalis, C. glabrata, P. notatum, R. stolonifer, M. mucedo, A. ochraceus, A. versicolor, A. niger, A. fumigates, T. viride, P. funiculosum	[26, 27, 47, 48, 57]
Origanum vulgare	Leaves, arial part	Carvacrol, thymol, γ-terpinene, trans-sabinene hydrate, cis-piperitol, borneol, terpinen-4-ol, linalool	C. albicans, A. niger, M. gypseum, M. canis, A. cajetani, T. violaceum, T. mentagrophytes, E. floccosum, T. rubrum, T. tonsurans, phytopathogens B. cinerea and P. oryzae	[52, 56, 88]
Pelargonium graveolens	Leaves	Citronellol, citronellyl formate, geraniol	C. tropicalis	[89]
Plectranthus barbatus and P. amboinicus	Leaves	(Z)-Caryophyllene, germacrene D, viridiflorol, p-cymene, γ-terpinene	C. albicans, C. gattii, C. gattii, C. neoformans, S. cerevisiae.	[4, 33]
Pogostemon cablin	Leaves	Patchoulol, δ-guaieno; gurjunene-α, α-guaiene, aromadendrene, β-patchoulene	Aspergillus species, C. albicans	[1, 90, 91]
Rosmarinus officinalis	Leaves	Camphor, camphene, limonene, geraniol, myrcene, linalool benzaylacetate, linalool, α-pinene, α-terpinolene, bornyl acetate, borneol	C. albicans, M. gypseum, M. canis, A. cajetani, T. violaceum, T. mentagrophytes, E. floccosum, T. rubrum, T. tonsurans, phytopathogens B. cinerea, P. oryzae	[65, 88]
Salvia sclarea	Arial part	Linalool, linalyl acetate, geranyl acetate, β- ocimene acetate, caryophyllene oxide	C. albicans, C. tropicalis, C. krusei, C. glabrata, C. parapsilosis	[39, 84]
Syzygium aromaticum	Leaves	Eugenol, eugenylacetate	A. fumigatus, C. albicans, Candida spp.	[25, 92]