Table 3.

Chemical composition of various essential oils and their antiviral activity against human pathogens.

Plant	Part used	Chemical compounds	Inhibited microorganisms	References
Achillea fragrantissima	Aerial parts	2,5,5-Trimethyl-3,6-heptadien-2-ol, eucalyptol, artemisia alcohol, thujone	ORF virus (a parapox virus)	[19]
Artemisia arborescens	Aerial parts	β-Thujone, linalool, myrcene, carvacrol	Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1)	[93]
Fortunella margarita	Leaves	Gurjunene, eudesmol, muurolene	Avian influenza A virus (H5N1),	[94]
Glechon spathulata	Leaves	β-Caryophyllene, bicyclogermacrene	HSV-1	[82]
Glechon marifolia	Leaves	β-Caryophyllene, bicyclogermacrene	HSV-1	[82]
Hyptis mutabilis	Leaves	α-Phellandrene, p-cymene, E-caryophyllene	HSV-1	[95]
Lepechinia salviifolia	Leaves	Germacrene D	HSV-1	[95]
Melissa officinalis	Leaves	Myrcene, linalool, camphor, citronellal, β-caryophyllene, caryophyllene oxide, citral	HSV-2, avian influenza virus (AIV) subtype H9N2	[19, 96]
Minthostachys mollis	Leaves	α-Pinene, estragole	HSV-1	[95]
Ocimum campechianum	Leaves	Linalool, eugenol	HSV-1	[95]
Pogostemon cablin	Leaves	Patchoulol, δ-guaieno; gurjunene-α, α-guaiene, aromadendrene, β-patchoulene	Influenza A (H2N2) virus	[1, 97–99]
Trachyspermum ammi	Leaves	Thymol, α-pinene, p-cymene, limonene	Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV)	[100]