Fig. 4.

Negative-stain EM revealed that IXa-MD induced the formation of cross-linked actin networks. (A) Actin networks induced by mixing F-actin and IXa-MD at a 0.5:1 molar ratio, here in the absence of ATP. (B) Examples of actin bundles consisting of two to five actin filaments. IXa-MD formed cross-links with a periodicity of 36 nm that aligned across the actin network (yellow arrows). (C) Ensemble average of 981 images of 2 or more actin filaments cross-linked by IXa-MD. Here, the polarity of the actin filaments was not taken into account.