Fig. 1.

Trait-specific variabilities in weapon, somatic, and genital traits. (A) Male polymorphism under different nutritional conditions in the broad-horned flour beetle, G. cornutus. (B) Morphometric landmarks were used. EW, elytra width; FL, femur length; FW, femur width; GL, genitalia length; GW: gena width; MPW, maximum prothorax width; PW, prothorax width. FL and FW are landmarked for fore, middle, and hind legs as fore femur length (FFL), middle femur length (MFL), hind femur length (HFL), fore femur width (FFW), middle femur width (MFW), and hind femur width (HFW). (C) Allometric growth of each body module in G. cornutus males. Trait sizes are plotted against body size (EW) in the log–log scale. Y = a + bX, where b is a coefficient of regression. Note that the mandible exhibits hyperallometry, the genitalia show hypoallometry, and the wing and leg show isometry. The allometric relationships of other parts are indicated in SI Appendix, Table S1.