Effects of HDAC1 and HDAC3 KDs on pupal and adult morphologies. (A) Schematic workflow of the RNAi experiment. (B, Left and Middle) Pupal heads (front and side views). (B, Right) Adult heads (ventral views). Mandibles are colored blue (HDAC1) or red (HDAC3). (Scale bars: 200 μm.) (C–H) Effects of HDAC1 and HDAC3 KDs on adult male morphology. The stages of HDAC KDs are final-instar larvae (C–F) and penultimate-instar larvae (G and H). KDs of HDAC1 (blue dots and regression lines) and HDAC3 (red dots and lines) significantly increased and decreased the mandible sizes (C, D, and G) with respect to the GFP dsRNA-injected control (black dots and lines). ANCOVA results are shown in SI Appendix, Table S6 and S7. Effects of HDAC1 and HDAC3 KDs on other traits are shown in SI Appendix, Figs. S4 and S5.