Figure 4.
Body stability and mean wing kinematics across flow conditions. (a) Standard deviation of roll orientation, (b) mean wingbeat frequency and (c) mean stroke amplitude by speed and flow condition, with laminar trials in blue and turbulent trials in red. Bars above show comparisons between laminar and turbulent flow trials, at 1.5 and 3.0 m s−1, and bars below show comparisons between laminar flow trials across speeds. Asterisks indicate significant differences between groups at the α = 0.05 level, and daggers indicate marginal significance (0.05 < p < 0.10). Boxplots show the median and IQR, and whiskers depict the data range (75th and 25th ± 1.5 × IQR, respectively).