Table 1.

Local wing kinematics, normalized to NO flight downstroke values. Mean ± s.d. of individual wing kinematics. Significant differences between NO and HO flights are in italics.

	stroke amplitude (%)	stroke duration (%)	wing speed (%)	wing extension (%)	stroke plane angle (%)
downstroke
NO flights	100	100	100	100	100
HO flights	103.3 ± 13.0	92.4 ± 10.3	113.5 ± 24.5	93.3 ± 3.2	77.9 ± 6.6
upstroke
NO flights	98.7 ± 4.1	98.8 ± 6.0	110.1 ± 3.8	78.7 ± 6.7	91.3 ± 2.4
HO flights	100.4 ± 14.7	82.7 ± 10.5	123.2 ± 28.0	60.0 ± 5.3	73.9 ± 6.9