Table 3.

Stroke-to-stroke variability of local wing kinematics. Mean ± SD of individual variability of wing kinematics. Significant differences between NO and HO flights are in italics.

	variability in stroke amplitude (cm)	variability in stroke duration (ms)	variability in wing speed (m s−1)	variability in wing extension (cm)	variability in stroke path (cm)
downstroke
NO flights	8.4 ± 1.1	17 ± 4	0.3 ± 0.0	2.1 ± 1.5	3.4 ± 0.5
HO flights	9.6 ± 0.9	13 ± 2	0.6 ± 0.2	4.9 ± 0.7	6.0 ± 0.3
upstroke
NO flights	8.3 ± 0.7	15 ± 5	0.3 ± 0.1	2.2 ± 0.5	3.1 ± 0.2
HO flights	9.3 ± 0.8	14 ± 1	0.4 ± 0.2	4.2 ± 0.3	4.6 ± 0.3