TABLE 3.
Sociodemographic, Behavioral, and HIV/Medical Correlates of Laboratory Confirmed Trichomonas, Chlamydia, Candidiasis, and any Genital Infection Among Newly Diagnosed HIV Infected Adults Entering Care in Windhoek, Namibia*, as Measured by RR
| Unadjusted | Adjusted | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Characteristics | Tests | Cases | (%) | RR | (95% CI) | P | RR | (95% CI) | P |
| Trichomonas vaginalis | |||||||||
| Sex | |||||||||
| Male† | 312 | 108 | 34.6 | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| Female | 251 | 12 | 4.8 | 7.21 | (4.06–12.79 | <0.01 | 7.18 | (4.07–12.65) | <0.01 |
| Education | |||||||||
| >Primary† | 375 | 98 | 26.1 | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| ≤Primary | 188 | 22 | 11.7 | 0.45 | (0.29–0.69) | <0.01 | 0.58 | (0.38–0.89) | 0.01 |
| CD4 count | |||||||||
| >500† | 173 | 45 | 26.0 | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| 350–499 | 176 | 29 | 16.5 | 0.84 | (0.49–1.42) | 0.72 | 0.86 | (0.52–1.42) | 0.55 |
| 200–349 | 109 | 22 | 20.2 | 0.68 | (0.41–1.12) | 0.13 | 0.78 | (0.49–1.25) | 0.31 |
| <200 | 87 | 21 | 24.1 | 1.08 | (0.69–1.70) | 0.72 | 1.61 | (1.08–2.40) | 0.02 |
| Chlamydia trachomatis | |||||||||
| Sex | |||||||||
| Male† | 312 | 108 | 34.6 | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| Female | 251 | 12 | 4.8 | 2.81 | (1.55–5.09) | <0.01 | 2.39 | (1.27–4.50) | 0.01 |
| Marital status | |||||||||
| Married/cohabiting† | 305 | 78 | 25.6 | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| Single | 255 | 42 | 16.5 | 2.20 | (1.26–3.82) | <0.01 | 2.30 | (1.28–4.14) | <0.01 |
| Condom use | |||||||||
| Always† | 83 | 14 | 16.9 | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| Sometimes | 239 | 56 | 23.4 | 1.79 | (0.71–4.52) | 0.22 | 1.91 | (0.76–4.82) | 0.17 |
| Never | 182 | 37 | 20.3 | 2.09 | (0.82–5.32) | 0.12 | 2.72 | (1.06–7.00) | 0.04 |
| Chlamydia among females | |||||||||
| Pregnancy status | |||||||||
| Nonpregnant† | 217 | 24 | 11.1 | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| Pregnant | 76 | 16 | 21.0 | 1.90 | (1.07–3.39) | 0.03 | 1.90 | (1.07–3.39) | 0.03 |
| Refused/unknown | 15 | 5 | 33.3 | 3.01 | (1.34–6.78) | <0.01 | 3.01 | (1.34–6.78) | <0.01 |
| Vulvovaginal candidiasis (females) | |||||||||
| Pregnancy status | |||||||||
| Nonpregnant† | 2214 | 32 | 14.9 | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| Pregnant | 84 | 21 | 25.0 | 1.67 | (1.02–2.73) | 0.04 | 1.93 | (1.15–3.23) | 0.01 |
| Refused/unknown | 15 | 4 | 26.7 | 1.78 | (0.72–4.38) | 0.21 | 2.01 | (0.84–4.79) | 0.11 |
| Marital status | |||||||||
| Married/cohabiting† | 169 | 36 | 21.3 | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| Single | 118 | 16 | 13.6 | 1.35 | (0.81–2.24) | 0.25 | 1.63 | (1.01–2.66) | 0.04 |
| CD4 count | |||||||||
| >500† | 60 | 10 | 16.7 | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| 350–499 | 70 | 6 | 8.6 | 0.51 | (0.20–1.33) | 0.17 | 0.51 | (0.20–1.29) | 0.16 |
| 200–349 | 99 | 17 | 17.2 | 1.03 | (0.50–2.10) | 0.93 | 0.95 | (0.47–1.92) | 0.89 |
| <200 | 75 | 23 | 30.7 | 1.84 | (0.95–3.56) | 0.07 | 2.05 | (1.07–3.93) | 0.03 |
| Vaginal discharge | |||||||||
| Negative† | 115 | 14 | 12.2 | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| Positive | 198 | 43 | 21.7 | 1.78 | (1.02–3.12) | 0.04 | 1.86 | (1.06–3.27) | 0.03 |
| Any STI (excluding HSV-2) | |||||||||
| Sex | |||||||||
| Male† | 237 | 55 | 23.2 | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| Female | 302 | 170 | 56.3 | 2.43 | (1.88–3.12) | <0.01 | 2.31 | (1.79–2.98) | <0.01 |
| Marital status | |||||||||
| Married/cohabiting† | 247 | 83 | 33.6 | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| Single | 290 | 142 | 49.0 | 1.46 | (1.18–1.80) | <0.01 | 1.29 | (1.06–1.59) | 0.01 |
| Any RTI or STI (excluding HSV-2) | |||||||||
| Sex | |||||||||
| Male† | 237 | 55 | 23.2 | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| Female | 308 | 246 | 80.0 | 3.44 | (2.71–4.36) | <0.01 | 3.29 | (2.59–4.18) | <0.01 |
| Marital status | |||||||||
| Married/cohabiting† | 243 | 107 | 44.6 | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| Single | 300 | 194 | 64.7 | 1.47 | (1.24–1.73) | <0.01 | 1.22 | (1.07–1.41) | <0.01 |
| Any RTI or STI (excluding HSV-2) among females | |||||||||
| Pregnancy status | |||||||||
| Nonpregnant† | 213 | 164 | 77.0 | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| Pregnant | 81 | 70 | 86.4 | 1.22 | (1.00–1.26) | 0.05 | 1.16 | (1.03–1.31) | 0.02 |
| Refused/unknown | 15 | 12 | 80.0 | 1.03 | (0.80–1.35) | 0.78 | 1.17 | (0.92–1.48) | 0.20 |
| Living with last partner | |||||||||
| Yes† | 114 | 83 | 72.8 | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| No | 169 | 140 | 82.8 | 1.14 | (1.00–1.30) | 0.05 | 1.16 | (0.01–1.32) | 0.03 |
Separate analyses of risks among females are shown for those infections which showed a significant association with pregnancy status
*
Correlates of STIs and RTIs which were not significant are not shown. Similarly, STIs and RTIs for which there were no significant correlates are not shown.
†
Reference category.
RR, risk ratios.