Table 7.
Protective effect of proanthocyanidins in animal models of colonic inflammation.
| Extract | Extract administration | Experimentally induced colitis | Effect | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Apple PACs | 0.1, 0.3, or 1% in drinking water ad libitum for 14 days before DSS treatment | DSS in drinking water ad libitum | ↓ colonic damage ↓ mortality rate ↓ body weight loss ↑ TCRγδ and TCRαβ T cells in IEL |
(196) |
| 1% in drinking water ad libitum for 7 days before oxazolone administration | 7.5 mg/ml oxazolone i.r. | ↓ body weight loss | (196) | |
| 0.005–0.0025% with PMA | PMA-induced inflammation in colon epithelial cell line Caco-2 PMA 300 ng/ml for 6 h | ↓ secretion of IL-8 | (196) | |
| Grape seed PACs | 400 mg/kg/day for 10 days | DSS in drinking water ad libitum From days 5–10 |
↓ ileal villus height ↓ mucosal thickness ↓ histological severity score in the distal ileum and in proximal colon |
(197) |
| PACs-rich grape seed extract | 100, 200, and 400 mg/kg/day for 7 days after first TNBS injection | Twice i.r. injection First 100 mg/kg TNBS, after 4 days 75 mg/kg |
↓ colonic weight/length ↓ body weight loss ↓ microscopic and macroscopic damage score ↓ MPO activity ↓ lipid perocidation ↓ IL-1β levels ↑ IL-2 and IL-4 levels |
(201) |
| 100, 200, and 400 mg/kg/day for 7 days after first TNBS injection | Twice i.r. injection First 80 mg/kg TNBS, after 16 days 30 mg/kg |
↓ body weight loss ↓ microscopic and macroscopic damage score ↑ SOD and GSHpx activity ↑ GSH levels ↓ expression of TNF-α, p-IKKα/β, p-IκBα ↓ translocation NF-κB |
(204) | |
| 100, 200, and 400 mg/kg/day for 7 days after second TNBS injection | (203) | |||
| 200 mg/kg/day for 7 days after second TNBS injection | Twice i.r. injection First 80 mg/kg TNBS, after 16 days 30 mg/kg |
↓ colonic weight/length ↓ body weight loss ↓ microscopic and macroscopic damage score ↓ MPO and iNOS activity ↓ lipid perocidation ↓ Nitric oxide levels ↑ SOD and GSHpx activity ↑ GSH levels |
(202) | |
DSS, dextran sulfate sodium; IEL, intraepithelial lymphocytes; iNOS, inducible nitric oxide synthase; GSH, glutathione; GSHpx, glutathione peroxidase; IL, interleukin; i.r. intrarectally; PMA, phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate; SOD, superoxide dismutase; TNBS, 2,4,6-trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid; TNF-α, tumor necrosis factor alpha.