Table 1.
Importance of ethnobotanical applications of Apiaceae family in Iran
| Reference cited | Non-medicinal uses | Medicinal uses (Livestock) | Medicinal uses (Human) | Preparation | Part used | Vernacular name | Scientific name | NO |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Safa et al., 2013; Dolatkhahi et al., 2012; | - | - | Flatulency, Diuretic, Tonic, digestant, dyspepsia | - | Fruit | Khelale-dandan | Ammi majus L. | 1 |
| khodayari et al., 2015. | - | - | Tonic, treatment ofgingivitis, Digestive disorders, Carminative, appetizer | - | Aerial parts | Khelale-dandan | Ammi visnaga (L.) Lam. | 2 |
| Amiri and Joharchi, 2013; Ghorbani, 2005; Sharififar et al., 2010; Dolatkhahi et al., 2012; Sadeghi and Mahmood, 2014; Azizi and Keshavarzi, 2015; Dolatkhahi and Nabipour, 2014; | Culinary | - | Abortion, Anti-Dysmenorrhea, Galactogogue, Antihyperlipidemia, Carminative, Treatment of Diabetes, Digestive disorders, Infertility treatmentmen | Infusion | Fruit- Shoot | Shevid, Toragh | Anethum graveolens L. | 3 |
| khodayari et al.; 2015. | - | - | Treatment stomachache,Antihyperlipidemia,Stomachtonic | - | Leaf; root | Jenjil | Anthriscus sylvestris (L.) Hoffm | 4 |
| Hopper and Field, 1937; Amin, 1992; Amiri and Joharchi, 2013; Ghorbani, 2005; Mardaninejad et al., 2013; | Culinary | - | Carminative, Tonic, Emmenagogue, Diuretic, Liver disorders, asthma, Loss of appetite, Rheumatic, Lumbago | Decoction | Fruit, Leaf; Stem | Karafs | Apium graveolens L. | 5 |
| Nazemiyeh et al., 2009. | used as a salad, vegetable and a food additive | - | - | - | Whole plant | Havij-e-kohi | Astrodaucus orientalis (L.) Drude | 6 |
| Amiri and Joharchi, 2013; Safa et al., 2013; khodayari et al., 2015; Sharififar et al., 2010; Amiri et al., 2012. | Flavoring | - | Obesity, Galactogogue, Flavoring, Carminative, Calmative, Appetizer, Indigestion,decongestant,children earache, newly delivered ladies recovery,cold-natured treatment, strengthening weaknesses |
Decoction, powder |
Fruit | Zireh-e-Siah | Bunium persicum (Boiss.) B.Fedtsch. | 7 |
| Rajaei et al., 2012. | - | - | Fever, dermal wound, Joint pain and inflammations | Decoction, poultice | Leaf; seed | - | Bupleurum falcatum L. | 8 |
| Mardaninejad et al., 2013; Sadeghi and Mahmood, 2014; Ghorbani et al., 2014. | Flavoring | Ectoparasites, Digestive and Gastric troubles, Skin diseases, Fever, Dehydration, Mouth infection | Obesity, Facilitate digestion, Sour stomach, Blood pressure, Diarrhea |
Infusion | Fruit | Zireh-e-Shami | Carum carvi L. | 9 |
| Mosaddegh et al., 2012. | Eaten with rice | - | - | - | Young stem | Garkava, Chelghaba |
Chaerophyllum macropodum Boiss. | 10 |
| Hopper and Field, 1937; Amin, 1992; Amiri et al., 2014; Ghorbani, 2005; Tahvilian et al., 2014; Mardaninejad et al., 2013; Azizi and Keshavarzi, 2015. | Flavoring,culinary | - | Relieve headache, relieve toothache jaundice, Acne, Treat of Flatulence, Appetizer, Aphrodisiac, Antiseptic,Gasteralgia, sore throat, Aromatic, Painkiller,Diabetescontrol,Gout control | Decoction | Fruit | Geshniz,Geshnij | Coriandrum sativum L. | 11 |
| Amiri and Joharchi, 2013. | - | - | Cholagogue, Depilator, Treat of Dermal Allergies | - | Root | Shokaran | Conium maculatum L. | 12 |
| Hopper and Field, 1937; Amin, 1992; Amiri and Joharchi, 2013; Sharififar et al., 2010; Koohpayeh et al., 2011; | Flavoring,culinary | Increase libido female camel, Anti-bloat in cattle and sheep | Relieve pain after child-bitth, Carminative, Treat of Colic, Galactogogue, Obesity, Digestive, Favoring, Antiasetic | Infusion | Fruit | Zireh-e-Sabz | Cuminum cyminum L. | 13 |
| Safarnejad et al., 2011. | Spice | - | Carminative | - | Fruit | Zireh-e-Sefid | Cuminum setifolium (Boiss.) Kos.-Pol. | 14 |
| Amiri and Joharchi, 2013; Sharififar et al., 2010; khodayari et al., 2015; Ghorbani et al., 2014. | Edible, culinary | Endoparasites | Diuretic, Emmenagogue,Disposalofworms,constipation, appetizerand Diuretic | - | Fruit, root | Havij | Daucus carota L. | 15 |
| Hopper and Field, 1937; Amin, 1992; Amiri and Joharchi, 2013; Rajaei et al., 2012; khodayari et al., 2015; Sadeghi and Mahmood, 2014; Koohpayeh et al., 2011. | - | Infectious wound healing and infection, Abscess in the sheep and goat | Indolent tumors, cystitis, Digestive, treat of colic, Treat of Furuncles, laxative, Expectoran, Asthma, Anthelmintic, Emmenagogue, Anticovulsion | Infusion, poultice | Gum, root | Kandal,Vasha, Ushegh | * Dorema ammoniacum D.Don | 16 |
| Rajaei et al., 2012; Mosaddegh et al.; 2012; Tahvilian et al., 2014; Koohpayeh et al., 2011; Mozaffarian, 2013. | Edible, use as vegetable, young stems are pickled | Infectious wound healing and infection in sheep | Asthma, Expectorant, Bronchitis, Making Gum,Parasites of digestive system, constipation, Burn healing |
Fresh paste | Gum, young aerial part, root | Kal, Bilhar | * Dorema aucheri Boiss. | 17 |
| Sadeghi and Mahmood, 2014; Sadeghi et al., 2014. | - | - | Abortion, aphrodisiac, Scorch | Decoction, cataplasm | Gum | Oshtork | Dorema aureum Stocks | 18 |
| Delnavazi et al., 2015. | Used as a green vegetable | - | Diuretic, anti-diarrheal, treatment of bronchitis and catarrh |
- | Leaves, gum-resin | - | Dorema glabrum Fisch. & C.A.Mey. | 19 |
| Rajaei et al., 2012; Sadeghi and Mahmood, 2014; Sharififar et al., 2014; Dolatkhahiand Nabipour, 2014. | - | - | Carminative, Irregularities of Menstruation, lactiferous | Decoction | Aerial parts, leaf, seed | Gicho,Goatk, Mashgak, Baghiz | Ducrosia anethifolia (DC.) Boiss. | 20 |
| Shafie-zadeh, 2002. | Spice | - | Stimulant and an invigorator of the stomach,diuretic,anti-cancer | - | Aerial parts | Phyaleh | * Echinophora cinerea (Boiss.) Hedge & Lamond | 21 |
| Tahvilian et al., 2014; Pirbaloutiet al., 2010; Abbasi et al., 2012. | Spice, flavoring with yogurt, culinary | - | Dissolves renal calculi, Anti aphthous (Mouth wash), antifungal | Decoction | Aerial parts | Khosharizeh | * Echinophora platyloba DC. | 22 |
| Mosaddegh et al., 2012; Abbasi et al., 2012; Sharififar et al., 2014. | - | - | Constipation, palliative, antifungal, arthritis pain reliever | Decoction | Aerial parts, root | Zole,kharzul, Chichagh | Eryngium billardieri Delile | 23 |
| Sharififar et al., 2014. | - | - | Painkiller | - | Aerial parts | Zole-e-Khorasani | Eryngium bungei Boiss. | 24 |
| Amiri and Joharchi, 2013; Tahvilian et al., 2014. | - | - | Treat of Vitiligo, Cut, Wound,Carminative, Febrifuge, Hemostatic | Decoction | Leaves,fruit | GhazYaghi,Paghaze | Falcaria vulgaris Bernh. | 25 |
| Emami et al., 2012; Safa et al., 2013; Mosaddegh et al., 2012; khodayari et al., 2015; Sharififar et al., 2010; Sadeghi and Mahmood, 2014; Sajjadi et al., 2011. | Culinary | - | Stomachache,Anthelmintic, Antihemorrhoid, Cough, Tremor,epilepsy, treatment of gastritis | Decoction | Gum | Anghuzeh, Heltit, Gane-bu | * Ferula assa-foetida L. | 26 |
| Zargari, 1996. | - | - | Anticonvulsant, tonic, anti-hysteric, decongestant, treatment of neurological disorders, stomach ache |
- | Resin | - | Ferula badrakema Koso-Pol. | 27 |
| Bahmani et al., 2012; Pirbalouti et al., 2013. | - | Appetizer | Anti-septic | Smoking, Sodden | Stem, leaves, inflorescence |
Kame,Anio | * Ferula behboudiana (Rech.f. & Esfand.) D.F.Chamb. | 28 |
| Zargari, 1996. | - | - | Anticonvulsant, tonic, anti-hysteric, decongestant, treatment of neurological disorders, stomach ache |
- | Root | - | Ferula diversivittata Regel & Schmalh. | 29 |
| Amiri and Joharchi, 2013. | - | - | Anthelmintic, Treat of Colic,Emmenagogue | - | Gum | Anghuzeh | Ferula foetida (Bunge) Regel | 30 |
| Hopper and Field, 1937; Amiri and Joharchi, 2013; Ghorbani, 2005; Mosaddegh et al., 2012; khodayari et al., 2015; Amiri et al., 2012. | Powdered fruits, stem as pickle |
- | Appetizer, treatment of wounds, liver cysts, Anthelmintic, Anticatarrhal, Antiallergic, Dyspepsia, Emmenagogue | Decoction, poultice | Fruit, gum, root | Barijeh,Angiyun,Ghasni | Ferula gummosa Boiss. | 31 |
| Pirbalouti et al., 2013. | - | - | Anti-septic | smoking | Stem, leaves, inflorescence |
Komeh, Komieh | Ferula haussknechtii H.Wolff ex Rech.f. | 32 |
| Rajaei et al., 2012. | - | - | Stomachache, Carminative | Hydrodistilation | Stem, rhizome | * Ferula hezarlalehzarica Ajani | 33 | |
| Amiri et al., 2012. | - | - | Indigestion and anthelmintic | - | Leaves | * Ferula latisecta Rech.f. & Aellen | 34 | |
| Khodayari et al., 2015. | - | - | Anti-nausea, anti-stomach acid | - | Leaves, stem | Chevil | * Ferula macrocolea Boiss. | 35 |
| Ghorbani, 2005; Sharififar et al., 2014. | - | - | Cough, asthma, respiratory disorders, migraine, expectorant | Demulcent, vapor, pill | Seed, gum | Ejek-ghamaghi, kal | Ferula oopoda (Boiss. & Buhse) Boiss. | 36 |
| Abbasi et al., 2012; Ahmadi et al., 2009; Sajjadi et al., 2011. | - | - | Anticonvulsants, Tonic, constipation,Back pain treatment | Decoction | Shoot, fruit | Kama | Ferula ovina (Boiss.) Boiss. | 37 |
| Hopper and Field, 1937; Ahvazi et al., 2012; Sahranavard et al., 2014; Sharififar et al., 2014. | Steam cooked,Spicy, cooking, edible | - | Lumbago, rheumatism, gout, sinusitis, pododynia, backache,Treat epilepsy, laxative, antitussive | Poultice, vapor | Stems, roots, leaves, gum | Sakbinaj, Jarand | * Ferula persica Willd. | 38 |
| Ghorbani, 2005; Sharififar et al., 2010. | - | - | Asthma, cough, dermal wounds,stomach pain | Demulcent, vapor, pill | Gum | Ghamagh-mumi, Anghozeshirin | Ferula szowitziana DC. | 39 |
| Mosaddegh et al., 2012; Ahmadi et al., 2009; Pirbalouti et al., 2013; | As aromatic ingredient, as flavor in animal oil, spice and air fresher | Relieve flatulence | Anti-septic,renal pain | - | Leaves | Chavil, Chavir | Ferulago angulata (Schltdl.) Boiss. | 40 |
| Rajaei et al., 2012. | - | - | Dermal wounds | Poultice | Gum | Garchik | * Ferulago carduchorum Boiss. & Hausskn. ex Boiss. | 41 |
| Hopper and Field, 1937; Amin, 1992; Amiri and Joharchi, 2013; Ghorbani, 2005; Mosaddegh et al., 2012; khodayari et al., 2015; Sharififar et al., 2010; Sadeghi and Mahmood, 2014; | Edible, flavoring | - | Relieve toothache, Dysentery, Cold, Diuretic, kidney infections, Galactogogue, Digestive, Bronchitis, Appetizer, Antiacid, Flatulence,hypnotic | Decoction | Aerial parts, Fruit | Raajuneh, Razianeh | Foeniculum vulgare Mill. | 42 |
| Mozaffarian, 2013. | As a local vegetable, as a local spice, flavoring | - | - | - | Aerial parts | Zolang | Froriepia subpinnata (Ledeb.) Baill. | 43 |
| Ahvazi et al., 2012; Yazdanshenas et al., 2015; Sonboli et al., 2005. | Edible, cooking some foods,as a local vegetable and flavoring in soups and foods | - | Tonic, carminative and relief stomachache | Infusion | Leaves | Jafarikohi, Samoureh | Grammosciadium platycarpum Boiss. & Hausskn. | 44 |
| Mosaddegh et al., 2012. | - | - | Diabetes, hypertension | - | Aerial parts | Kelos-e kuhi | * Haussknechtia elymaitica Boiss. | 45 |
| Ghorbani, 2005. | Flavoring | - | Digestive disorders | - | Seed | Jengel-ghamaghi | * Heracleum gorganicum Rech.f. | 46 |
| Amiri and Joharchi, 2013; Ahvazi et al., 2012; khodayari et al., 2015. | Spice, flavoring | - | Treat of Hiccup, Appetizer, Flavoring, Carminative, Anthelmintic, Stomach Tonic,Tremor, migraine, headache caused by sinusitis | Infusion, decoction | Fruit, flowers | Golpar | Heracleum persicum Desf. ex Fisch.,C.A.Mey. & Avé-Lall. | 47 |
| Tahvilian et al., 2014. | - | - | Dissolves renal calculi, cornicide | Decoction | Leaf, root | Baraza | Johrenia aromatic Rech.f. | 48 |
| Pirbalouti et al., 2010; khodayari et al., 2015. | Edible as vegetable, Flavoring with yogurt | - | Indigestion, rheumatism, Gastric ulcer, anti-diabetes, pain, cough, Irritation, Sedative |
- | Whole plant | Kelus, karafs-e-Bakhtyari |
* Kelussia odoratissima Mozaff. | 49 |
| Safaet al., 2013; Mosaddegh et al., 2012; Dolatkhahi and Nabipour, 2014. | - | - | Bile stone repellent, Diarrhea | Infusion | Aerial parts | Alaf-e kaaji, Zireh-e-vahshi | Lagoecia cuminoides L. | 50 |
| Amiri and Joharchi, 2013; Rajaei et al., 2012. | Flavoring with yogurt, use as vegetable | - | Nerve Diseases, Heart Tonic, Indigestion,Blood sugar, Asthma, diuretic | Infusion | Fruit, leaf, root | Angedane-roomi, Karafse-kuhi | Levisticum officinale W.D.J.Koch | 51 |
| Mosaddegh et al., 2012; khodayari et al., 2015; Dolatkhahi et al., 2012; Bahmani et al., 2012; Dolatkhahi and Nabipour, 2014. | Culinary, use as vegetable | Diarrhea | Relieve thirst in children, indigestion, diarrhea, abdominal pain and feverish conditions, Stomach pain, cold therapy | Decoction | Aerial parts | Moshkurak, Tighnak, Den | * Oliveria decumbens Vent. | 52 |
| Pirbalouti et al., 2013. | - | - | Anti-septic | Smoking | Stem, leaves, inflorescence |
Alafshir | Opopanax hispidus (Friv.) Griseb. | 53 |
| Amiri and Joharchi, 2013; Mardaninejad et al., 2013 | Edible as vegetable, flavoring | - | Emmenagogue, Diuretic, Carminative, Kidney Disorders, Bladder disease, Gout, Blood pressure, Blood sugar, Varicocele | Infusion | Fruit | Jafari | Petroselinum crispum (Mill.) Fuss | 54 |
| Zarshenas et al., 2013. | - | - | Diuretic, Cough, Meningitis, Paralysis, Renal stone, Respiratory ulcers |
- | Gum | Bokhurol ekrad |
Peucedanum officinale L. | 55 |
| Alavi et al., 2005. | - | - | Treatment of cold | - | Fruit | Razianekoohi | Peucedanum ruthenicum M.Bieb. | 56 |
| Mirdeilami et al., 2011. | Edible | - | - | - | Stem | Ghaziaghi | Physospermum cornubiense (L.) DC. | 57 |
| Hopper and Field, 1937; Amin, 1992; Pirbalouti et al., 2013; Amiri and Joharchi, 2013; Sadeghi and Mahmood, 2014. | Culinary use | - | Treat of Flatulence, Anthelmintic,Treat of Colic, Antacid, Stomachache, Antidiarrhea | Infusion | Fruit | Vavehshing, Anison (Badianroomi) |
Pimpinella anisum L. | 58 |
| Sharififar et al., 2014. | - | - | Treatment of flatulency | - | Aerial parts | Sakbinj | * Prangos cheilanthifolia Boiss. | 59 |
| Pirbalouti et al., 2013; khodayari et al., 2015; Azizi and Keshavarzi, 2015; Barani and Rahimpour, 2014; Ghorbani et al., 2014. | As a natural dye | Treatment of thick and louse (Ruminants) | Decoction | Aerial parts | Bale har, Ginoo, Marzah | Prangos ferulacea (L.) Lindl. | 60 | |
| Sajjadi et al., 2011. | - | - | Tonic,Carminative | - | Fruit, flower | Jashir-e-sakhrehrooy | Prangos uloptera DC. | 61 |
| Sajjadi et al., 2011. | Flavoring | - | Disinfectants | - | Aerial parts | Shen jar | * Psammogeton canescens Vatke | 62 |
| Safa et al., 2013. | - | - | Back, leg and other part muscles pain | - | Leaves, stem | Sagdandan | Pycnocycla aucherana Decne. ex Boiss. | 63 |
| Mosaddegh et al., 2012. | - | - | Palpitation, blood coagulation, body pains | Decoction | Aerial parts | Suzanak | Scandix pecten-veneris L. | 64 |
| Sharififar et al., 2014. | - | - | Stomach tonic, Has a hot temper | - | Whole plant | Badian-e-koohi | Scandix stellata Banks& Sol. | 65 |
| Sahranavard et al., 2014; | - | - | Treat epilepsy | - | Whole parts | Sisalius | Seseli tortuosum L. | 66 |
| Mosaddegh et al., 2012; Ahvazi et al., 2012; Tahvilian et al., 2014; Pirbalouti et al., 2013; Bahmani et al., 2012; Ahmadi et al., 2009. | Roots and stems as a food to be consumed raw or cooked | Urinary retention | Urinary ducts and prostate problems, gynaecologicaldisease,Indigestion and stomachic,Bitter aromatic, hot effects, tonic,anti- helmintic,Antipyretic, anti-worm tooth | Infusion, Sodden | Aerial parts, seeds, root | Ovandol, Pinoume, Gonour | Smyrnium cordifolium Boiss. | 67 |
| Pirbalouti et al., 2010. | Spice and condiment | - | Anti-septic | - | Fruit | Goolpar, Kereson |
Tetrataenium lasiopetalum (Boiss.) Manden. | 68 |
| Amiri and Joharchi, 2013; Sharififar et al., 2010. | Flavoring | - | Carminative, Anthelmintic, Antidiarrhea, Treat of Colic, Antacid, Galactogogue | Infusion | Fruit | Zenyan (Khordaneh), Kasrak |
Trachyspermum ammi (L.) Sprague | 69 |
| Mosaddegh et al., 2012. | - | - | Urinary duct problems | Infusion | Aerial parts | Darehjouyi | Turgenia latifolia (L.) Hoffm. | 70 |
(*)
The species marked with an asterisk are endemic species belonging to Apiaceae family in Iran