Table 2.
Instruments Used to Measure Racial Discrimination in Reviewed Studies
| Instrument, Studies Using | Domain or Construct Measured | Instrument Specifics | Psychometrics in Reviewed Studies |
|---|---|---|---|
| Experiences of Discrimination Scale (EOD)38/ Christian (2012)28, Giurgescu (2012)26 |
Measures experiences of discrimination due to race/ethnicity in varied settings (eg, school, employment, or judicial setting; seeking employment, housing, health care) | Nine-item scale assessing the occurrence and frequency of experiences of discrimination in 9 settings, with score ranging from 0 to 9. Frequency calculated as 0 (never), 1 (once), 2.5 (2–3 times), and 5 (≥ 4 times), with scores ranging from 0 to 45. | Cronbach’s alpha = 0.7831 |
| Everyday Discrimination Scale (EDS)39/ Dailey (2009)29, Earnshaw (2013)30 |
Measures experiences of being treated with less courtesy or respect than others; receiving poorer service than others at restaurants or stores; people acting as if you are not smart, as if they are afraid of you, as if you are dishonest, as if they are better than you; being called names or insulted; and being threatened or harassed | Nine-item scale assessing the presence, frequency, and source of chronic and routine experiences of discrimination; responses range from 1 (never) to 6 (almost every day) with scores ranging from 0 to 54. | Cronbach’s alpha = 0.8435–0.8634 |
| Racism and Lifetime Experiences Scale (RALES)40 Misra (2010)32, Slaughter-Acey (2013)35 |
A series of scales that measures racism-related stress, coping, socialization, and attitudes | Full measure includes 10 subscales assessing various experiences and responses to racism; subscales are of varied length and measured on Likert-type scale. | Cronbach’s alpha = 0.61–0.8240 |
| Perceived Racism Scale (PRS)41 Rankin (2011)33 |
Measures exposure to perceived racism in several domains, including individual, institutional, cultural, behavioral, and attitudinal domains | 51-item scale assessing experiences with racism in 3 categories (frequency of exposure, emotional responses, and coping responses) across 4 areas (job, academic setting, public setting, exposure to racial statements). Responses range from 0 (not applicable), 1 (almost never), to 7 (several times a day). Participants also rate their emotional responses (eg, angry, frustrated, sad, hopeless) to experiences of racism across 4 areas on a 5-point Likert scale from 1 (not at all) to 5 (extremely) as well as coping responses (eg, speak up, pray, ignore, accept). | Not provided |