Figure 3.

Path model results for paternal positive parenting and poor discipline behaviors and child effortful control from child ages 3 to13–14 years.

Note: Figured numbers denote standardized parameter estimates and associated standard errors for effects for positive parenting (first line) above poor discipline (second line); Significant associations observed between concurrent positive parenting and poor discipline (r = −.15, p = .02 to r = −.36, p = .01). *** p < .001. ** p < .01. * p < .05.