. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2017 Aug 1.

Published in final edited form as: Dev Psychopathol. 2016 Aug;28(3):837–853. doi: 10.1017/S0954579416000341

Table 1.

Correlations among the study variables. Associations involving maternal and paternal parenting behaviors are given above and below the diagonal, respectively.

	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9	10	11	12	13	14	15

1. Child effortful control (3 yrs)	--	.56^***	.38^***	.46^***	.27^**	−.48^***	−.29^***	−.31^***	−.25^*	−.16	.30^***	.26^**	.20^**	.22^*	.10
2. Child effortful control (5 yrs)	.56^***	--	.55^***	.47^***	.45^***	−.31^***	−.47^***	−.42^***	−.38^***	−.26^**	.15^*	.28^***	.25^**	.15^*	.10
3. Child effortful control (7 yrs)	.38^***	.55^***	--	.47^***	.40^**	−.27^***	−.35^***	−.43^***	−.39^***	−.32^**	.08	.24^**	.36^***	.28^***	.13
4. Child effortful control (11–12 yrs)	.46^***	.47^***	.47^***	--	.71^***	−.25^**	−.38^***	−.31^***	−.50^***	−.43^***	.15^*	.29^***	.28^**	.39^***	.12
5. Child effortful control (13–14 yrs)	.27^**	.45^***	.40^**	.71^***	--	−.30^**	−.40^***	−.34^**	−.52^***	−.49^***	.09	.33^***	.33^**	.40^***	.17^M
6. Poor discipline (3 yrs)	−.43^***	−.31^***	−.25^**	−.27^**	−.37^***	--	.61^***	.58^***	.40^**	.46^***	−.33^***	−.44^***	−.37^***	−.25^**	−.23^**
7. Poor discipline (5 yrs)	−.38^***	−.35^***	−.27^***	−.30^***	−.35^***	.61^***	--	.65^***	.63^***	.63^***	−.19^**	−.49^***	−.39^***	−.23^**	−.17^M
8. Poor discipline (7 yrs)	−.33^***	−.32^***	−.39^***	−.27^***	−.41^***	.61^***	.73^***	--	.60^***	.48^***	−.23^**	−.42^***	−.54^***	−.34^***	−.14^M
9. Poor discipline (11–12 yrs)	−.42^***	−.33^***	−.35^***	−.40^***	−.41^***	.51^***	.54^***	.61^***	--	.73^***	−.14	−.48^***	−.40^***	−.40^***	−.22^*
10. Poor discipline (13–14 yrs)	−.39^***	−.35^***	−.32^***	−.40^***	−.45^***	.51^***	.64^***	.62^***	.83^***	--	−.14	−.42^***	−.32^**	−.27^**	−.26^**
11. Positive Parenting (3 yrs)	.29^***	.17^*	.08	.14^M	.07	−.30^***	−.23^**	−.29^***	−.19^*	−.16^M	--	.24^***	.19^**	.25^***	.09
12. Positive Parenting (5 yrs)	.20^**	.29^***	.26^**	.19^**	.35^***	−.31^***	−.41^***	−.46^***	−.22^**	−.35^***	.44^***	--	.58^***	.47^***	.29^***
13. Positive Parenting (7 yrs)	.30^***	.22^**	.35^***	.37^***	.34^**	−.35^**	−.35^**	−.50^***	−.41^***	−.43^***	.36^***	.57^***	--	.47^***	.36^**
14. Positive Parenting (11–12 yrs)	.25^**	.28^**	.26^*	.39^***	.45^***	−.47^***	−.31^**	−.40^**	−.54^***	−.47^***	.35^***	.41^***	.49^***	--	.46^***
15. Positive Parenting (13–14 yrs)	.24^**	.16^*	.17^*	.26^**	.22^*	−.20^**	−.14	−.22^**	−.38^**	−.48^***	.20^*	.39^***	.31^**	.50^***	--

Note:

^***

p < .001.

^**

p < .01.

p < .05.