. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2017 Aug 1.

Published in final edited form as: Dev Psychopathol. 2016 Aug;28(3):837–853. doi: 10.1017/S0954579416000341

Table 2.

Standardized Parameter Estimates and Associated Standard Errors for the First- and Second-Order Autoregressive (AR) Effects in the Multivariate Path Models (Figures 2 and 3)

	Mothers’ model			Fathers’ model

	Child effortful control	Poor discipline	Positive parenting	Child effortful control	Poor discipline	Positive parenting

First-order AR effect from child ages:

3 to 5 years	.54 (.06)^***	.48 (.08)^***	.18 (.07)^*	.52 (.06)^***	.50 (.08)^***	.40 (.07)^***
5 to 7 years	.47 (.07)^***	.41 (.10)^***	.51 (.07)^***	.49 (.07)^***	.54 (.08)^***	.41 (.09)^***
7 to 11–12 years	.25 (.07)^**	.33 (.09)^***	.21 (.08)^*	.25 (.08)^**	.34 (.10)^**	.23 (.13)
11–12 to 13–14 years	.50 (.09)^***	.58 (.12)^***	.45 (.10)^***	.55 (.09)^***	.67 (.11)^***	.41 (.14)^**
Second-order AR effect from child ages:

3 to 7 years	.09 (.06)	.24 (.08)^**	.05 (.05)	.06 (.06)	.23 (.05)^***	.16 (.07)^*
5 to 11–12 years	.32 (.08)^***	.36 (.09)^***	.28 (.07)^***	.30 (.08)^***	.20 (.11)	.29 (.09)^**
7 to 13–14 years	.02 (.07)	.09 (.09)	.17 (.11)	.04 (.07)	.16 (.09)^M	.06 (.13)

Note:

^***

p < .001.

^**

p < .01.

p < .05.