Table 4.

Outbreaks of domestically acquired typhoid fever published in the literature or reported to CDC outbreak surveillance systems and cases in space–time clusters, United States, 1999–2010^*

Year	Vehicle or common exposure	Number of cases in outbreak report	Number of cases in space–time cluster	Reference for outbreak
1999–2000	Imported frozen mamey	15	15	[21]; CDC†
2000	Sexual transmission between men; linked to carrier	7	4	[32]
2000	Restaurant; linked to suspected carrier	9	13	[33]; additional unpublished data from NYC DHMH
2000	Temple	16	6	CDC†
2001	Carrier	3	Not detected‡	CDC†
2002	Restaurant; linked to carrier	4	Not detected§	CDC†
2003	Gulf coast oyster	6	6	[23]; CDC†
2005	Congregation meeting; linked to returned traveller	2	Not detected¶	[34]
2009	Unknown (occurred in children)	3	3	CDC†
2010	Imported frozen mamey	12	5	[22], CDC†

NTPFS, National Typhoid and Paratyphoid Fever Surveillance; NYC DHMH, New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene.

^*Space–time clusters were identified in cases reported to the NTPFS.

^†Reported to CDC outbreak surveillance systems comprised of the Foodborne Disease Outbreak Surveillance System, Waterborne Disease and Outbreak Surveillance System, and the National Outbreak Reporting System.

^‡None of the cases were in NTPFS.

^§Two of the cases were in NTPFS, but the cluster occurred in an area with high background rate of typhoid fever.

^¶Only one of the cases was in NTPFS.