Table 3.
Adjusteda regression coefficients and 95% confidence intervals for multivariable linear regression models assessing associations between categorical residential proximity to toxicity weightedb organophosphate and carbamate pesticide use during pregnancy and household and neighborhood poverty during childhood and WISC-IV scores (n = 501)
| Full Scale IQ†‡
|
Verbal Comprehension‡
|
Perceptual Reasoning†‡
|
Working Memory
|
Processing Speed
|
|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| β (95% CI) | β (95% CI) | β (95% CI) | β (95% CI) | β (95% CI) | |
| Pesticide Use Within 1km of Residence | |||||
| First Quartile (Lowest Pesticide Use) | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference |
| Second Quartile | −0.3 (−2.9, 2.3) | −0.6 (−3.3, 2.1) | −0.5 (−4.0, 3.0) | −0.5 (−3.2, 2.2) | 1.0 (−2.0, 4.0) |
| Third Quartile | −0.7 (−3.4, 2.0) | −0.9 (−3.6, 1.9) | −1.9 (−5.5, 1.7) | 0.4 (−2.4, 3.2) | 1.1 (−2.0, 4.3) |
| Fourth Quartile (Highest Pesticide Use) | −3.0 (−5.6, −0.3)* | −1.3 (−4.1, 1.4) | −4.0 (−7.6, −0.4)* | −2.8 (−5.6, −0.1)* | −0.7 (−3.8, 2.4) |
| Household Poverty | |||||
| Above Federal Poverty Level | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference |
| Below Federal Poverty Level | −2.4 (−4.5, −0.4)* | −2.3 (−4.5, −0.2)* | −1.0 (−3.8, 1.7) | −2.2 (−4.4, −0.1)* | −2.4 (−4.8, 0.0) |
| Neighborhood Poverty | |||||
| First Quartile (Lowest Poverty Rate) | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference |
| Second Quartile | −0.6 (−3.2, 2.0) | −1.6 (−4.3, 1.1) | −1.1 (−4.7, 2.4) | −2.4 (−5.1, 0.4) | 3.8 (0.8, 6.9)* |
| Third Quartile | −0.7 (−3.2, 1.8) | 0.0 (−2.6, 2.6) | −1.9 (−5.3, 1.4) | −0.3 (−2.9, 2.3) | 0.9 (−2.0, 3.8) |
| Fourth Quartile (Highest Poverty Rate) | −4.0 (−6.9, −1.2)** | −4.3 (−7.2, −1.3)** | −4.4 (−8.2, −0.5)* | −3.6 (−6.6, −0.6)* | 1.0 (−2.3, 4.4) |
All models adjust for maternal education, maternal intelligence, quality of home environment, maternal age at birth, breastfeeding duration, language of WISC assessment, and the psychometrician who conducted the cognitive assessment.
Use was toxicity weighted using relative potency factors for AChE inhibition (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2007, 2007).
p < 0.05
p < 0.01
p < 0.05 from test for trend across quartiles of pesticide use within 1km of residence
p < 0.05 from test for trend across quartiles of neighborhood poverty