Fig 7. Arginine levels under the different volatile anesthetics.

Arginine release in the alcohol vs. control groups during withdrawal under volatile anesthesia (0–180 min), emergence (↓) and post-anesthesia recovery (200–240 min). Data are shown as median % of baseline with interquartile ranges (25–75%) and plotted over time. (A) isoflurane: alcohol vs. control, n = 9 vs. 10. (B) sevoflurane: alcohol vs. control, n = 9 vs. 10. (C) desflurane: alcohol vs. control, n = 9 vs. 9. Post-hoc univariate group comparisons were performed using Mann-Whitney U tests. (*p < 0.05, **p < 0.01 and ***p < 0.001).