Fig 4. IL-1β mRNA expression in chicken macrophages stimulated with (A). LPS; (B). Pam3CSK4; and (C) CpG ODN.

Chicken macrophages (six replicates/group) were treated with encapsulated and soluble forms of the three TLR ligands and mean fold expression of IL-1β in treated groups were compared to the cell culture medium treated group. Significance (P <0.05) was tested between delivery systems within a dose and at a given time point. * indicates significant difference.