Multiple alignment of BSHs of various bacteria and PVAs of B. sphaericus based on the sequences around the proposed active sites of B. sphaericus PVA. Abbreviations for BSHs: bbi, B. bifidum; blo, B. longum; ljb, L. johnsonii BSH-β; efci, Enterococcus faecium; efca, Enterococcus faecalis; lmo, L. monocytogenes; lpa, L. plantarum; lga, Lactobacillus gasseri; lja, L. johnsonii BSH-α; cpe, C. perfringens; pva, B. sphaericus PVA. Conserved amino acids are highlighted in black boxes, and similar amino acids are in grey boxes. Arrows indicate the amino acids proposed to be the key residues in the active sites of B. sphaericus PVA, including C-1, D-20, Y-82, N-175, and R-228. Positions are based on the PVA of B. sphaericus, starting with the Cys residues at the N-terminal end of mature proteins (BSH and PVA).