Table 4.
Mean differences (beta, 95% CI) between gestational weight gain and neonatal markers of inflammation and immunoglobulin levels in the Upstate KIDS Study.
| Neonatal Biomarkersa | EGWGb | LGWGb | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total n = 3544 | n = 1408 | n = 852 | ||
| Unadjusted | Adjusted | Unadjusted | Adjusted | |
| Inflammation score | 0.07 (−0.02,0.15) | 0.02 (−0.07,0.11) | −0.03 (−0.15,0.09) | −0.03 (−0.14,0.09) |
| CRPc | 0.10 (0.04,0.16) | 0.05 (−0.01,0.11) | −0.02 (−0.09,0.06) | −0.01 (−0.08,0.06) |
| IgEd | −0.04 (−0.10,0.02) | −0.04 (−0.10,0.02) | 0.02 (−0.05,0.10) | 0.02 (−0.05,0.10) |
| IgAd | −0.02 (−0.06,0.02) | −0.03 (−0.08,0.01) | 0.04 (−0.02,0.09) | 0.04 (−0.02,0.09) |
| IgMd | 0.02 (−0.02,0.06) | 0.002 (−0.04,0.04) | 0.02 (−0.03,0.07) | 0.01 (−0.05,0.06) |
| IgG1d | 0.003 (−0.02,0.03) | −0.0004 (−0.03,0.02) | −0.03 (−0.06,0.01) | −0.02 (−0.06,0.01) |
| IgG2d | −0.02 (−0.08,0.03) | −0.03 (−0.08,0.03) | 0.04 (−0.03,0.11) | 0.05 (−0.01,0.12) |
| IgG3d | −0.04 (−0.09,0.007) | −0.06 (−0.10,−0.01) | −0.03 (−0.09,0.03) | −0.02 (−0.08,0.04) |
| IgG4d | 0.01 (−0.09,0.11) | 0.01 (−0.09, 0.11) | −0.09 (−0.22,0.03) | −0.06 (−0.19,0.07) |
Abbreviations: CI, confidence interval; EGWG, excessive gestational weight gain; LGWG, low gestational weight gain; CRP, C-reactive protein; TNF, tumor necrosis factor; (IL)-1ra, interleukin-1 receptor antagonist; Ig,immunoglobulin.
Adjusted for maternal age; white race; attainment of college degree or higher; private insurance; smoking, alcohol use, and dietary supplementation during pregnancy; parity; infant plurality; paternal body mass index; and pre-pregnancy body mass index.
Significant differences (P<0.05) are in bold.
Infants born to women with appropriate gestational weight gain (AGWG) served as the reference. Total sample size for reference group: n=1284.
Gestational weight gain =,2009 IOM guidelines: LGWG is <12.5 kg for underweight women, <11.5 kg for normal weight women, <7.0 kg for overweight women, and <5.0 kg for obese women (classes I and II) delivering singletons. LGWG is <17.0 kg for underweight and normal weight women, <14.0 kg for overweight women, and <11.0 kg for obese women (classes I and II) delivering twins. AGWG is between 12.5-18.0 kg for underweight women, between 11.5-16.0 kg for normal weight women, between 7.0-11.5 kg for overweight women, and between 5.0-9.0 kg for obese women (classes I and II) delivering singletons. AGWG is between 17.0-25.0 kg for underweight and normal weight women, between 14.0-23.0 kg for overweight women, and between 11.0-19.0 kg for obese women (classes I and II) delivering twins. EGWG is >18.0 kg for underweight women, >16.0 kg for normal weight women, >11.5 pounds for overweight women, and >9.0 kg for obese women (classes I and II) delivering singletons. EGWG is >25.0 kg for underweight and normal weight women, >23.0 kg for overweight women, and >19.0 kg for obese women (classes I and II) delivering twins.
log mg/L
log ng/mL