Table 1.
Soil heat treatments applied in conventional and organic systems.
| Treatment | Quantity | Material | Soil incorporation (cm) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Compost (CO) | 50 Kg/ha | Compost (65% wood, 10% leaves and 25% grass, inoculated with Trichoderma harzianum) | 20 |
| Chitin (CH) | 20 Kg/ha | Chitin-rich shrimp debris (Gembri) | 20 |
| Marigold (MA) | Tagetes patula (cv. Ground Control)a | 20 | |
| Grass-Clover (GC) | 22 Kg/ha | Mix of 4 rye grass and 2 clover speciesb | 20 |
| Biofumigation (BF) | 117 Kg/ha | Broccoli (cv. Montop)c | 20 |
| Soil anaerobic disinfestation (AD) | 50 Kg/ha | Fresh organic matter, covered plasticd | 20 |
| Physical control (PH) | Hot air (720–780°C) in humid soil | ||
| Combination (CB) | Combination of MA, CO, CH | 20 | |
| Chemical control (CC)∗ | 300 L/ha | Methan sodium (Monam 510 g a.i/L)e | |
| Caliente control (CL)∗ | 70 L/ha | Byproduct of mustard productf | |
| Control treatment (CT) | No input |
aTagetes patula biomass from 10 kg/ha seed density grown from July 2006 till January 2007.
bRye grass species (4 kg/ha cv. Tetraflorum, 7 kg/ha cv. Miracle, 2 kg/ha cv. Pomposo, 1 kg/ha cv. Tomaso) and clover species (1 kg/ha cv. Riesling, 7 kg/ha cv. Maro) grown from 27 July 2006 till 12 March 2007.
cBroccoli containing glucosinolates were incorporated and degraded into plant metabolites (i.e., isothiocyanates, nitriles and thiocyanates) with biocidal properties.
dIn August 2006, the incorporated mixture of rye-grass species was irrigated with 20 mm water per plot and covered with a plastic (0.035 mm thick HyTibarrier). In November 2006 the plastic was removed.
eApplication of chemical on September 2006 with a rotary spading injector, a common technique allowed by the Dutch ministry. Only applied in conventional system.
fApplied only in organic system.
∗Control treatments (CC, CL). CL treatment was applied only in organic system (no chemical inputs are allowed in organic system) for comparative purpose to CC in conventional system.