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. 2016 Oct 27;133(1):25–42. doi: 10.1007/s00401-016-1636-z

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© The Author(s) 2016

Open AccessThis article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made.

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Fig. 4 — Post-mortem validation of SWI and underlying phase images at 7 T for the sensitive and specific detection of iron rims around MS lesions. Left a Slowly expanding rim lesion (red arrows) of PPMS case 26 with hypointense portions along the lesion edge around a hyperintense lesion center. b Corresponding iron staining confirms iron accumulation at the lesion edge (red arrows). c Extent of the hyperintense lesion in the T2 image. Black arrows in (d, e, f) highlight portions of edge-related hyperintense phase and hypointense SWI, which correspond to iron accumulation. Red arrows in (d, e, f) highlight portions which lack hyperintense phase, hypointense SWI and iron accumulation. f The blue rectangle is magnified in (g) and shows iron-laden microglia/macrophages, which is confirmed by double-labeling with the microglia/macrophage marker CD68 (h). Arrows indicate double-labelled microglia/macrophages. i Extent of the demyelinated lesion in PLP staining for myelin. Right j inactive lesion (red arrows in j, k) of PPMS case 27 without edge-related hypointensities around the hyperintense lesion center. k Corresponding iron staining confirms lack of edge-related iron accumulation. l Extent of the hyperintense lesion in the T2 image. Red arrows in (m, n, o) indicate lesion edge devoid of hyperintense phase, hypointense SWI, and iron accumulation. o Black rectangle is magnified in (p), showing the absence of iron-loaded microglia/macrophages. q Extent of the demyelinated lesion in PLP staining for myelin. Scale bars = 100 µm (g, p) and 30 µm (h)