Table 5.
Main study characteristics of long-acting beta2 agonist/long-acting muscarinic antagonist cost-effectiveness assessments
| First author, year (country) | Type of study | Time horizon | Funding | Drug therapy described | Difference in total costs (year of valuation) | Difference in outcomes | ICER | Authors’ conclusion | QHES score |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Price et al. 2014 (Sweden) [31] | Patient-level simulation model (CMA and CEA) | Lifetime (SA: 1, 3, 5, 10 years) | Novartis | 1. Indacaterol/glycopyrronium (FDC) 2. Indacaterol/glycopyrronium (FC) 3. SFC |
1 vs. 2: –SEK8703 (–€912) 1 vs. 3: SEK–43,033 (–€4511) (2013) |
1 vs. 3: +0.200 QALYs gained; 1.07 exacerbations avoided; 0.31 pneumonia events prevented | FDC dominant vs. SFC | FDC is cost-minimising vs. FC and dominates SFC | 77 |
| Punekar et al. 2015 (UK) [32] | Linked-equation model (CUA) | Lifetime (SA: 1, 5 years) | GSK | 1. UMEC/VI 2. Tiotropium |
+£372.29 (+€438) (2011/2012) |
+0.18 QALY +0.36 LYs –0.04 severe exacerbations annually |
£2087.60 (€2333) per QALY | UMEC/VI is considered a cost-effective alternative to tiotropium | 86.5 |
CEA cost-effectiveness analysis, CMA cost-minimization analysis, CUA cost-utility analysis, FC free combination, FDC fixed-dose combination, GSK GlaxoSmithKline, ICER incremental cost-effectiveness ratio, LYs life-years, QALYs quality-adjusted life-years, QHES Quality of Health Economic Studies, SA sensitivity analysis, SEK Swedish krona, SFC salmeterol/fluticasone, UMEC/VI umeclidinium/vilanterol