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LPS-stimulated M1 BMDMs and RAW 264.7 macrophages enhanced TWIST1 gene expression in VICs. TWIST1 mRNA and protein expression were determined in VICs after co-culture with (A) LPS-stimulated M1 BMDMs, RAW 264.7 macrophages, and (B) M1-derived MVs. The data are presented as the mean ± SD. **P < 0.01 compared with the control.
