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Lack of effect of MVs derived from M1 macrophages overexpressing TWIST1 on the calcification of VICs. MVs were isolated from medium containing BMDMspcDNA-TWIST1, RAW 264.7pcDNA-TWIST1, BMDMspcDNA, or RAW 264.7pcDNA and co-cultured with VICs. (A) TWIST1 mRNA and protein expression levels, (B) ALP activity, and (C) Osteocalcin mRNA and protein expression levels in VICs were evaluated.
