Table 1.
Citations included in resting-state functional connectivity functional MRI (fMRI) in autism literature analysis.
| Citation | Method | Connectivity | Global/local | Data set | Scan time (s) | Total sample size | Sex (♀ out of total) | Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) mean age (years) | Brain regions examined |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Abrams et al. (50) | Seed | UC | Global | Autism Brain Imaging Data Exchange (ABIDE) | 360 | 39 | 8 | 9.96 | pSTS |
| Alaerts et al. (51) | ReHo, Seed | B | Global/local | ABIDE | 215 | 0 | 16 | pSTS | |
| Alaerts et al. (52) | Seed | UC | Global | 420 | 30 | 0 | 21.7 | Whole brain (240 volumes) | |
| Anderson et al. (53) | SOM | B | Global/local | 480 | 92 | 0 | 22.4 | ||
| Anderson et al. (54) | GT | OC | Global | ABIDE | Variable | 964 | 142 | na | |
| Anderson et al. (55) | SOM | UC | Global | 480 | 80 | 0 | 22.7 | Whole brain (90 subdivisions) | |
| Assaf et al. (56) | ICA | UC | Global | 315 | 30 | 3 | 15.7 | DMN | |
| Barttfeld et al. (57) | Seed | B | Global | 442 | 24 | 7 | 23.7 | Networks: frontoparietal, cingulo-opercular, DMN, occipital, sensorimotor, cerebellar | |
| Bos et al. (58) | ICA | B | Global/local | 600 | 56 | 0 | 11.8 | ||
| Cardinale et al. (59) | ICA | B | Global | 376 | 40 | 3 | 14.6 | Whole brain (networks: frontoparietal, visual, executive control, auditory, sensorimotor) | |
| Cerliani et al. (60) | ICA | OC | Global | ABIDE | na | 359 | 0 | 17.6 | 19 RSNs (sensory, FTP, subcortical, cerebellum, paralimbic, saliency, DMN) |
| Cheng et al. (61) | VWs | B | Global | ABIDE | Variable | 927 | 136 | 17.17 | Whole brain |
| Cherkassky et al. (46) | Seed | UC | Global | Block | 114 | 9 | 24 | PCC, vACC, PrC, mPFC, PHG, insula, IPC | |
| Chien et al. (62) | Seed | OC | na | 360 | 82 | 0 | 12.38 | pTPJ | |
| Delmonte et al. (63) | Seed | OC | Global | 438 | 42 | 0 | 17.28 | IFGpo, IGFpt, frontal pole, MFG, SFG, subcallosal cortex, ACC, precentral gyrus, supplemental motor area, amygdala, putamen, caudate, NACC, paracingulate gyrus | |
| Di Martino et al. (49) | ReHo, Seed, SOM | B | Global/local | ABIDE | Variable | 709 | 0 | na | Whole Brain and region-of-interest (ROI) seed (mPFC, PCC) |
| Di Martino et al. (64) | Seed | OC | Global | 398 | 40 | 9 | 10.4 | Whole brain (caudate and putamen) | |
| Di Martino et al. (49) | GT | OC | Global | ABIDE | 360 | 149 | 28 | 10.1 | Whole brain |
| Dinstein et al. (65) | Seed | UC | Global | Block | 72 | na | 2.42 | LPFC, IFG, CS, aIPS, STG, LOS | |
| Doyle-Thomas et al. (66) | Seed | B | Global/local | 283 | 115 | 0 | 12.3 | DMN (mPFC, ACC, MTG, PrC) | |
| Ebisch et al. (67) | Seed | UC | Global | 516 | 29 | 6 | 15.79 | Insula, intraparietal sulcus, precentral sulcus, middle temporal regions | |
| Eilam-Stock et al. (68) | VWs, Seed | B | Global/local | 360 | 32 | na | 26.1 | Whole brain and ROI seed (PCC) | |
| Fishman et al. (38) | Seed | B | Global | 370 | 50 | 8 | 14.8 | ToM (mPFC, TPJ, PCC) and MNS (bilateral aIPS, pSTS, PMC) | |
| Gotts et al. (69) | na | 60 | 3 | 16.92 | |||||
| Gotts et al. (70) | VWs | UC | Global | 490 | 51 | 3 | 16.92 | Whole brain | |
| Hahamy et al. (71) | VWs | B | Global/local | ABIDE | Variable | 141 | 20 | 26.6 | Whole brain |
| Iidaka (72) | VWs | B | Global/local | ABIDE | Variable | 640 | 100 | 13.2 | |
| Itahashi et al. (73) | GT | B | Global | na | 92 | 14 | 31.11 | Whole brain | |
| Itahashi et al. (74) | GT | B | Local | na | 100 | 14 | 30.82 | Whole brain | |
| Jones et al. (75) | SOM, Seed | UC | Block | 37 | 0 | 16.1 | |||
| Jung et al. (76) | Seed | UC | Global | 462 | 40 | 0 | 25.3 | aMPFC and PCC | |
| Kennedy and Courchesne (47) | Seed | UC | Global | 430 | 24 | 0 | 26.5 | DMN, dorsal attention | |
| Kennedy et al. (48) | Seed | na | na | Block | 29 | 0 | 25.49 | DMN | |
| Keown et al. (77) | GT | B | Local | 370 | 58 | 11 | 13.8 | Whole brain | |
| Khan et al. (78) | Seed | B | Global | 370 | 56 | 8 | 14.27 | PFC, S1, STC, premotor and primary motor cortices, PMC, PPC, OOC, inferior MTG, cerebellum | |
| Lee et al. (79) | VWs | UC | Both | ABIDE | Variable | 975 | 144 | 16.2 | Whole brain |
| Long et al. (80) | Voxel combinations | UC | Both | ABIDE | na | 128 | 20 | 9.6, 13.7, 25.4a | Whole brain |
| Lynch et al. (81) | Seed | B | Global | 360 | 39 | 8 | 9.96 | PCC, RsC, PrC, PMC | |
| Maximo et al. (82) | ReHo, GT | B | Local | 370 | 58 | 11 | 13.8 | Whole brain | |
| Monk et al. (83) | Seed | B | Both | 600 | 24 | 3 | 26.5 | DMN | |
| Müeller et al. (84) | ICA | UC | na | 360 | 24 | 7 | 35.5 | Whole brain | |
| Murdaugh et al. (85) | VWs | UC | Global | Block | 27 | 0 | 21.4 | DMN (mPFC, vACC, PCC, PrC, AG, IPL) | |
| Nair et al. (86) | – | B | na | 370 | 46 | 7 | 15 | ||
| Nebel et al. (87) | Seed | B | Local | ABIDE | Variable | 868 | 0 | 16.1 | Precentral gyrus |
| Nebel et al. (88) | Seed | O | Local | 420 | 104 | 32 | 10.7 | Primary motor cortex | |
| Nielson et al. (89) | GT | na | ABIDE | Variable | 1,112 | 142 | 16.6 | Whole brain (7,266 ROIs) | |
| Nomi and Uddin (90) | ICA | B | Global/local | ABIDE | 360 | 144 | 27 | 9.51 | Whole brain |
| Olivito et al. (91) | Seed | B | Global | 440 | 44 | 22 | 23.8 | Whole brain (dentate nucleus seed region) | |
| Paakki et al. (92) | ReHo | B | Local | 456 | 55 | 17 | 14.58 | Whole brain | |
| Padmanabhan et al. (93) | Seed | B | Global | na | 90 | 14 | 17.28 | Striatum, DC, ventral striatum, putamen | |
| Plitt et al. (94) | Seed | na | na | ABIDE | 490 | 118 | 0 | 17.66 | |
| Price et al. (95) | ICA | na | na | 360 | 60 | na | 9.69 | ICN | |
| Ray et al. (96) | GT | OC | Global | ABIDE | 300 | 56 | 17 | 10.1 | 219 Cortical ROIs |
| Redcay et al. (97) | GT | OC | Global | na | 28 | 0 | 17.8 | Networks: cingulo-opercular, cerebellar, frontoparietal, DMN | |
| Rudie and Dapretto (98) | GT | B | Global/local | 360 | 79 | 12 | 13.5 | Networks: visual, motor, attention, DMN | |
| Shukla et al. (99) | – | B | Local | Block | 55 | 2 | 13.7 | ||
| Starck et al. (100) | ICA | UC | Global/local | 450 | 50 | 13 | 14.9 | DMN | |
| Superkar et al. (101) | ICA | Default mode network development in typically developing children | 44 | 24 | |||||
| Tyszka et al. (102) | ICA, Seed | UC | na | 300 | 39 | na | 27.4 | Whole brain | |
| Uddin et al. (103) | Seed | B | Global/local | 360 | 67 | 5 | 9.9 | Networks: CEN (r-dlPFC, rPPC) and SN (right frontal insula, ACC) | |
| Verly et al. (104) | Seed | UC | Global | 420 | 42 | 11 | 14 | IFG, STG, dlPFC, MFG, premotor cortex, cerebellar lobule VI, Crus I | |
| von dem Hagen et al. (105) | ICA, Seed | UC | Global | 598 | 43 | 0 | 30 | mPFC, PCC, AG, insula, amygdala | |
| Washington et al. (106) | ICA, Seed | B | Global/local | 393 | 48 | 6 | 10.88 | vACC/mPFC, dACC/mPFC, PCC, MTG, IPL | |
| Weng et al. (107) | Seed | UC | Global | 600 | 31 | 3 | 15 | DMN (PCC/PRc, mPFC, AG) | |
| Wiggins et al. (108) | SOM | UC | Global | 600 | 80 | 15 | 15.3 | DMN (PCC, PrC, Rsp, IPL, STG, mPFC, SFG, PHG) | |
| You et al. (109) | SOM, GT | B | Global/local | 308.4 | 31 | 10 | 11.2 | Whole brain | |
| Ypma et al. (110) | SEED | UC | Global | ABIDE | na | 1,114 | 210 | 12–18 | DMN via graph theoretical analysis based on prior meta-analytic findings. Sample reflects primary and ABIDE datasets only |
Inclusion required articles to directly compare individuals with ASD using resting-state fMRI. Authors examined the method of analysis used, the type of connectivity reported, and whether this connectivity was considered global or local as reported by the original authors. We were also interested in noting which studies utilized the ABIDE data set [Di Martino et al. (49)] and the sample represented in terms of sample size, mean age, and sex. We also include a report of brain regions examined (specifically for ROI Seed analyses) and networks explored. Superkar et al. (110) is also included as it is one of the first papers to examine the developmental changes in the DMN in a longitudinal study design.
AG, angular gyrus; ACC, anterior cingulate cortex; aIPS, anterior intraparietal sulcus; aMPFC, anterior medial prefrontal cortex; B, both; CEN, central executive network; CS, central sulcus; DMN, default mode network; DC, dorsal caudate; dlPFC, dorsolateral prefrontal cortex; GT, graph theory; ICA, independent component analysis; ICN, intrinsic connectivity networks; IFG, inferior frontal gyrus; IPC, intraparietal cortex; IPL, intraparietal lobule; LOS, lateral occipital sulcus; LPFC, lateral prefrontal cortex; mPFC, medial prefrontal cortex; MFG, medial frontal gyrus; MNS, mirror neuron system; MTG, medial temporal gyrus; na, not available; NACC, nucleus accumbens; OC, over-connectivity; OOC, occipital lobe; PHG, parahippocampal gyrus; PrC, precuneus; PCC, posterior cingulate cortex; PMC, premotor cortex; pSTS, posterior superior temporal sulcus; pTPJ, posterior temporal parietal junction; ReHo, regional homogeneity; RsC, retrosplenial cortex; Seed, region-of-interest seed-based analysis; SOM, self-organizing maps; SFG, superior frontal gyrus; STC, superior temporal cortex; STG, superior temporal gyrus; SN, salience network; S1, primary somatosensory cortex; TPJ, temporal parietal junction; ToM, Theory of Mind; vACC, ventral anterior cingulate cortex; UC, under-connectivity.
aChild, adolescent, and adult subgroups.