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Schematic showing some of the pathways by which hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) mediates pulmonary arterial smooth muscle changes during chronic hypoxia. ET-1: endothelin 1; TRPCs: transient potential receptors (canonical); ROCK: Rho kinase; NHE1: Na+/H+ exchanger 1; AQP1: aquaporin 1.
