Table 1.
Patient demographic and clinical characteristics
| Characteristic | PAH (n = 13) | HFpEF (n = 9) | P values | Test |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| NEBI | 6.90 ± 4.2 | 3.05 ± 2.0 | 0.01 | t test, unequal variance |
| Age, years | 61.9 ± 14 | 68.8 ± 10 | 0.24 | Log transformed, t test, equal variance |
| Women | 12 (92.3) | 7 (77.7) | 0.54 | χ2a |
| NYHA classb | 0.99 | χ2a | ||
| III | 9 (69) | 7 (78) | ||
| II | 3 (23) | 2 (22) | ||
| I | 1 (8) | 0 | ||
| WHO group 1 PAH subgroup | ||||
| Idiopathic PAH | 6 (46) | NA | ||
| Associated PAH | ||||
| CTD-scleroderma | 3 (23) | NA | ||
| Portopulmonary | 2 (15) | NA | ||
| Congenital | 2 (15) | NA | ||
| Previously diagnosed | 11 (85) | NA | ||
| Newly diagnosed | 2 (15) | NA | ||
| BMI | 28.5 (22–34) | 35 (33–37) | 0.039 | Wilcoxon (Mann-Whitney) rank sum |
| Hemodynamics | ||||
| Mean pulmonary arterial pressure, mmHg | 32 (27–45) | 36 (24–40) | 0.9 | Wilcoxon (Mann-Whitney) rank sum |
| Mean right arterial pressure, mmHg | 9.08 ± 3.6 | 12.0 ± 7.7 | 0.3 | t test, equal variance |
| Pulmonary wedge pressure, mmHg | 11.7 ± 3.2 | 16.7 ± 7.3 | 0.08 | t test, unequal variance |
| Pulmonary vascular resistance, dyn·s/cm5 | 312 ± 160 | 202 ± 62 | 0.043 | t test, unequal variance |
| Cardiac output | 3.66 (2.9–4.1) | 2.96 (2.6–3.2) | 0.038 | Wilcoxon (Mann-Whitney) rank sum |
| Other functional parameters | ||||
| REVEAL score at time of RHC | 8.3 ± 2.5 | NA | ||
| 6-minute walk distance, m | 328 (186–398)c | 244 (148–301)c | 0.25 | Wilcoxon (Mann-Whitney) rank sum |
| Comorbidities | ||||
| Diabetes | 3 (23) | 6 (67) | 0.079 | χ2a |
| Hypertension | 3 (23) | 8 (89) | 0.008 | χ2a |
| Sleep apnea | 2 (15) | 6 (66) | 0.026 | χ2a |
| Coronary artery disease | 0 | 3 (33) | 0.055 | χ2a |
| Atrial fibrillation | 1 (8) | 5 (55) | 0.023 | χ2a |
| COPD | 2 (15) | 0 | 0.49 | χ2a |
| Medications | ||||
| PDE5i | 8 (61) | 0 | ||
| ERA | 5 (38) | 0 | ||
| Prostacyclin | 5 (38) | 0 | ||
| Riociguat | 1 (8) | 0 | ||
| Macitentan | 1 (8) | 0 | ||
| Beta blocker | 0 | 5 (55) | ||
| ACEI/ARB | 0 | 3 (33) | ||
| Aldosterone antagonist | 0 | 1 (11) | ||
| Digoxin | 6 (46) | 2 (22) | ||
| Continuous O2 | 3 (23) | 0 | ||
| Nighttime O2 | 1 (8) | 2 (22) | ||
| Triple therapy | 3 (23) | 0 | ||
| Dual therapy | 4 (30) | 0 | ||
| Monotherapy | 6 (46) | 0 | ||
| Imaging | ||||
| LAVI | 26 (20–36)d | 36 (32–52) | 0.11 | Wilcoxon (Mann-Whitney) rank sum |
| Interventicular septal thickness, mm | 11 (8–12) | 11 (9.5–13) | 0.58 | Wilcoxon (Mann-Whitney) rank sum |
| Posterior wall thickness, mm | 9.5 (7.5–12) | 10.5 (9.5–13) | 0.31 | Wilcoxon (Mann-Whitney) rank sum |
| Left ventricle ejection fraction | 67.5 (65–75) | 60 (58–65) | 0.026 | Wilcoxon (Mann-Whitney) rank sum |
| TAPSE, mm | 21 (20–30) | 20 (15–23) | 0.34 | Wilcoxon (Mann-Whitney) rank sum |
| Mitral E/A | 1 (0.7–1.1) | 1.15 (0.86–1.5) | 0.67 | Wilcoxon (Mann-Whitney) rank sum |
| Mitral valve deceleration time, ms | 219 (172–313) | 209 (144–271) | 0.48 | Wilcoxon (Mann-Whitney) rank sum |
Unless otherwise noted, data are displayed as mean ± SD, number (%) of patients, or median (25th–75th percentile). ACEI/ARB: angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor/angiotensin-receptor blocker; BMI: body mass index; COPD: chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; CTD: connective-tissue disease; ERA: endothelin receptor antagonist; HFpEF: heart failure with preserved ejection fraction; LAVI: left atrial volume index (calculated as mL/m2); mitral E/A: mitral ratio of peak early to late diastolic filling velocity; NA: not applicable; NEBI: normalized endothelial Bcl-2 index; NYHA: New York Heart Association; PAH: pulmonary arterial hypertension; PDE5i: phosphodiesterase 5 inhibitors; REVEAL: Registry to Evaluate Early and Long-term PAH Disease Management; RHC: right heart catheterization; TAPSE: tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion; WHO: World Health Organization.
The Fisher exact P value was used.
Individual classes were not evaluated, because there was no overall difference; P = 0.99.
n = 12 for PAH and n = 3 for HFpEF; not all patients had 6-minute walk tests completed.
n = 11; PAH patients with the subtype “congenital” were removed from the LA volume index category.