Table 1.
Comparison of Sociodemographic and Clinical Characteristics for Patients With Hypertension From 1998 to 2012 (n=825)
| 1998 | 2002 | 2007 | 2012 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age, y (mean±SD) | 55.5±9.4 | 60.5±9.4 | 65.5±9.4 | 70.5±9.4 |
| Female, n (%) | 559 (67.8) | 559 (67.8) | 559 (67.8) | 559 (67.8) |
| Race, n (%) | ||||
| Malay | 196 (23.8) | 196 (23.8) | 196 (23.8) | 196 (23.8) |
| Chinese | 370 (44.8) | 370 (44.8) | 370 (44.8) | 370 (44.8) |
| Indian | 248 (30.1) | 248 (30.1) | 248 (30.1) | 248 (30.1) |
| Others | 11 (1.3) | 11 (1.3) | 11 (1.3) | 11 (1.3) |
| Weight, kg (mean±SD) | 66.0±13.2 | 66.2±13 | 65.1±13.7 | 64.8±14.6 |
| Systolic BP, mm Hg (mean±SD) | 140.2±18.5 | 139.6±17 | 135±15.9 | 136.7±16.4 |
| Diastolic BP, mm Hg (mean±SD) | 85.1±10 | 83.3±8.3 | 79.1±8.0 | 76.5±9.2 |
| Treatment of hypertension, n (%) | 493 (59.8) | 628 (76.1) | 735 (89.1) | 794 (96.2) |
| Types of antihypertensive agents used, n (%) | ||||
| ACE‐i | 41 (5.5) | 177 (21.9) | 267 (32.4) | 361 (43.8) |
| ARB | 1 (0.1) | 14 (1.7) | 121 (14.7) | 201 (24.4) |
| ß‐Blocker | 271 (32.8) | 321 (38.9) | 321 (38.9) | 299 (36.2) |
| CCB | 193 (23.4) | 271 (33.1) | 375 (45.5) | 509 (61.7) |
| Diuretic | 60 (7.2) | 175 (21.2) | 245 (29.7) | 330 (40) |
| α‐Blocker | 34 (4.1) | 28 (3.4) | 26 (3.2) | 50 (6.1) |
| SD of SBP, mm Hg (mean±SD) | — | — | — | 14.2±3.1 |
| CV of SBP, % (mean±SD) | — | — | — | 10.2±2.0 |
| Diabetes mellitus, n (%) | 357 (43.3) | 438 (53.1) | 501 (60.7) | 539 (65.3) |
| Hemoglobin A1c, % (mean±SD) | 7.8±1.8 | 8.1±2.0 | 7.6±1.7 | 7.6±1.8 |
| Types of diabetic medications used, n (%) | ||||
| Metformin | 190 (23) | 309 (37.5) | 390 (47.3) | 420 (50.9) |
| Sulphonylurea | 283 (34.3) | 326 (39.5) | 352 (42.7) | 321 (38.9) |
| Insulin | 3 (0.4) | 19 (2.3) | 95 (11.5) | 170 (20.6) |
| Use of lipid‐lowering medication, n (%) | 68 (8.2) | 216 (26.2) | 554 (67.2) | 694 (84.1) |
| Total cholesterol, mmol/L (mean±SD) | 6.0±1.1 | 5.5±0.9 | 4.8±1.0 | 4.5±1.0 |
| LDL cholesterol, mmol/L (mean±SD) | 3.7±1.1 | 3.4±0.9 | 2.9±0.8 | 2.5±0.8 |
| CKD Stage 3A and above, n (%) | 0 | 92 (11.2) | 160 (19.4) | 226 (27.4) |
| Serum creatinine, μmol/L (mean±SD) | 74.6±17.7 | 80.7±23.3 | 78.9±30.1 | 92.5±64.8 |
| eGFR by CKD‐epi, mL/min per 1.73 m2 (mean±SD) | 86.3±15.4 | 78.3±16.2 | 78.5±19.2 | 69.6±21.6 |
| Slope of eGFR decline, mL/min per 1.73 m2 per year (mean±SD) | — | — | — | −1.0±1.5 |
ACE‐i indicates angiotensin‐converting enzyme inhibitor; ARB, angiotensin receptor blocker; CCB, calcium channel blocker; CKD, chronic kidney disease; CV, coefficient of variation; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; LDL, low‐density lipoprotein; SBP, systolic blood pressure.