Figure 4.

Direct measures of central venous pressure (CVP) while supine or supine with the legs elevated to simulate the prelaunch position on the Space Shuttle and during head‐down tilt (HDT), parabolic flight (0 g), or spaceflight (0 g). Data are redrawn from previously published results by Buckey et al. (1996), Foldager et al. (1996), Norsk et al. (1987), and Videbaek and Norsk (1997). Data are represented as mean ± standard deviation, except for individual results shown by subject in astronauts and during one subject in head‐down tilt Foldager et al. (1996).