Table 2.
Association Between SHS Exposure and Inflammation, MESA, United States, 2000–2002
| Unexposed | 1 h/wk | 2–3 h/wk | 4–11 h/wk | ≥12 h/wk | P Trend | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| No. | 3035 | 682 | 428 | 480 | 407 | |||||
| Value | 95% CI | Value | 95% CI | Value | 95% CI | Value | 95% CI | |||
| GM ratio of hsCRP, mg/La | ||||||||||
| Model 1 | 1 (Ref) | 1.08 | 0.99–1.19 | 1.12b | 1.00–1.25b | 1.12b | 1.01–1.25b | 1.26b | 1.13–1.41b | <0.001 |
| Model 2 | 1 (Ref) | 1.08 | 0.98–1.18 | 1.12b | 1.01–1.25b | 1.13b | 1.02–1.26b | 1.24b | 1.11–1.39b | <0.001 |
| Model 3 | 1 (Ref) | 1.06 | 0.98–1.16 | 1.11b | 1.00–1.23b | 1.08 | 0.98–1.19 | 1.13b | 1.02–1.26b | 0.066 |
| Odds ratio of hsCRP ≥2 mg/L | ||||||||||
| Model 1 | 1 (Ref) | 1.12 | 0.94–1.35 | 1.20 | 0.96–1.48 | 1.20 | 0.97–1.47 | 1.52b | 1.22–1.90b | <0.001 |
| Model 2 | 1 (Ref) | 1.12 | 0.93–1.34 | 1.21 | 0.97–1.51 | 1.22 | 0.99–1.51 | 1.49b | 1.19–1.86b | 0.001 |
| Model 3 | 1 (Ref) | 1.10 | 0.91–1.34 | 1.21 | 0.96–1.52 | 1.13 | 0.90–1.41 | 1.32b | 1.04–1.67b | 0.033 |
| GM ratio of IL‐6, pg/mLa | ||||||||||
| Model 1 | 1 (Ref) | 1.00 | 0.95–1.06 | 1.03 | 0.96–1.10 | 0.99 | 0.93–1.05 | 1.11b | 1.04–1.18b | 0.003 |
| Model 2 | 1 (Ref) | 1.01 | 0.95–1.06 | 1.03 | 0.97–1.10 | 0.99 | 0.94. 1.06 | 1.10b | 1.03–1.18b | 0.005 |
| Model 3 | 1 (Ref) | 1.04 | 0.98–1.11 | 0.97 | 0.91–1.03 | 1.02 | 0.96–1.08 | 1.04 | 0.98–1.11 | 0.213 |
| GM ratio of fibrinogen, mg/dLa | ||||||||||
| Model 1 | 1 (Ref) | 1.00 | 0.99–1.02 | 0.98 | 0.97–1.00 | 0.98 | 0.97–1.00 | 1.01 | 0.99–1.03 | 0.443 |
| Model 2 | 1 (Ref) | 1.00 | 0.98–1.02 | 0.98 | 0.97–1.00 | 0.99 | 0.97–1.01 | 1.01 | 0.99–1.03 | 0.380 |
| Model 3 | 1 (Ref) | 1.00 | 0.99–1.02 | 0.98 | 0.96–1.00 | 0.98 | 0.96–1.00 | 1.00 | 0.98–1.02 | 0.793 |
Model 1 is adjusted for age in years, sex (female [reference]/male), race/ethnicity (white [reference], black, Chinese American, Hispanic), study site (Winston‐Salem [reference], New York, Baltimore, St. Paul, Chicago, Los Angeles), education (high school or less [reference], some college but no degree/technical school certificate, associate's degree/bachelor's degree/graduate degree), and income (<$25 000/y [reference]/≥$25 000/y). Model 2 is adjusted for model 1 variables plus hypertension medication (no [reference]/yes), systolic blood pressure (mm Hg), diabetes mellitus (normal [reference] vs untreated diabetes mellitus/treated diabetes mellitus), LDL‐C (mg/dL), treatment for dyslipidemia (no [reference]/yes), physical activity (metabolic equivalent, h/wk), and smoking status (never [reference]/former). Model 3 is adjusted for model 2 variables plus BMI (kg/m2). All values are expressed as odds ratios or geometric mean (GM) ratios, with 95% CIs. For all quartiles of secondhand smoke exposure, reference category is unexposed (0 hours of SHS exposure per week). BMI indicates body mass index; hsCRP, high‐sensitivity C‐reactive protein; IL‐6, interleukin‐6; LDL‐C, low‐density lipoprotein cholesterol; MESA, Multi‐Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis; SHS, secondhand smoke.
Log‐transformed.
Significant values (P<0.05).