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. 2016 Dec 19;5(12):e002965. doi: 10.1161/JAHA.115.002965

Table 3.

Association of SHS Exposure With Measures of Atherosclerosis, MESA, United States, 2000–2002

Unexposed 1 h/wk 2–3 h/wk 4–11 h/wk ≥12 h/wk P Trend
No. 3035 682 428 480 407
Value 95% CI Value 95% CI Value 95% CI Value 95% CI
GM ratio of internal cIMT, mma
Model 1 1 (Ref) 1.01 0.97–1.05 1.02 0.98–1.06 1.02 0.98–1.06 1.05b 1.01–1.10b 0.03
Model 2 1 (Ref) 1.01 0.97–1.04 1.01 0.97–1.05 1.01 0.97–1.05 1.04 1.00–1.09 0.07
Model 3 1 (Ref) 1.00 0.97–1.04 1.00 0.96–1.05 1.01 0.97–1.05 1.02 0.98–1.07 0.11
GM ratio of common cIMT, mma
Model 1 1 (Ref) 1.00 0.98–1.02 1.01 0.99–1.03 1.01 0.99–1.02 1.02b 1.01–1.05b 0.02
Model 2 1 (Ref) 1.00 0.98–1.02 1.00 0.99–1.02 1.00 0.98–1.02 1.02 1.00–1.04 0.09
Model 3 1 (Ref) 1.00 0.99–1.02 1.00 0.98–1.02 0.99 0.98–1.02 1.01 0.99–1.03 0.27
Odds ratio of CAC >0
Model 1 1 (Ref) 0.81b 0.67–0.99b 1.05 0.83–1.32 1.05 0.84–1.32 1.03 0.81–1.32 0.58
Model 2 1 (Ref) 0.80b 0.66–0.98b 1.00 0.78–1.27 1.00 0.80–1.27 0.98 0.76–1.26 0.90
Model 3 1 (Ref) 0.80b 0.65–0.98b 0.99 0.78–1.26 0.99 0.78–1.25 0.94 0.74–1.21 0.85
Odds ratio of CAC ≥75th percentile
Model 1 1 (Ref) 0.82 0.65–1.05 0.84 0.64–1.12 1.06 0.82–1.38 1.23 0.93–1.62 0.08
Model 2 1 (Ref) 0.82 0.64–1.04 0.78 0.59–1.05 1.01 0.77–1.32 1.16 0.87–1.55 0.16
Model 3 1 (Ref) 0.81 0.64–1.04 0.78 0.59–1.05 0.99 0.76–1.30 1.14 0.86–1.51 0.22
Odds ratio of ABI ≤0.9
Model 1 1 (Ref) 0.87 0.47–1.61 1.27 0.71–2.26 0.75 0.38–1.48 1.21 0.67–2.22 0.57
Model 2 1 (Ref) 0.82 0.43–1.55 1.20 0.66–2.17 0.77 0.38–1.53 1.19 0.65–2.19 0.58
Model 3 1 (Ref) 0.82 0.43–1.55 1.19 0.66–2.16 0.79 0.39–1.59 1.23 0.67–2.26 0.52
Odds ratio of ABI ≥1.4
Model 1 1 (Ref) 0.42 0.09–1.86 1.06 0.30–3.72 1.91 0.72–5.04 1.72 0.55–5.35 0.22
Model 2 1 (Ref) 0.43 0.10–1.92 0.98 0.28–3.46 1.83 0.68–4.92 1.72 0.55–5.42 0.22
Model 3 1 (Ref) 0.43 0.10–1.92 0.98 0.28–3.48 1.76 0.65–4.74 1.66 0.52–5.24 0.25
Odds ratio of ABI ≤0.9 or ABI ≥1.4
Model 1 1 (Ref) 0.74 0.42–1.30 1.21 0.71–2.04 0.95 0.54–1.65 1.29 0.75–2.18 0.32
Model 2 1 (Ref) 0.69 0.38–1.24 1.11 0.65–1.91 0.95 0.54–1.67 1.22 0.72–2.10 0.38
Model 3 1 (Ref) 0.69 0.38–1.25 1.11 0.65–1.91 0.97 0.55–1.70 1.25 0.73–2.14 0.35

Model 1 is adjusted for age in years, sex (female [reference]/male), race/ethnicity (white [reference], black, Chinese American, Hispanic), study site (Winston‐Salem [reference], New York, Baltimore, St. Paul, Chicago, Los Angeles), education (high school or less [reference], some college but no degree/technical school certificate, associate's degree/bachelor's degree/graduate degree), and income (<$25 000/y [reference]/≥$25 000/y). Model 2 is adjusted for model 1 variables plus hypertension medication (no [reference]/yes), systolic blood pressure (mm Hg), diabetes mellitus (normal [reference] vs untreated diabetes mellitus/treated diabetes mellitus), low‐density lipoprotein cholesterol (mg/dL), treatment for dyslipidemia (no [reference]/yes), physical activity (metabolic equivalent, h/wk), and smoking status (never [reference]/former). Model 3 is adjusted for model 2 variables plus BMI (kg/m2). All values are expressed as odds ratios or geometric mean (GM) ratios, with 95% CIs. For all quartiles of secondhand smoke exposure, the reference category is unexposed (0 hours of secondhand smoke exposure per week). ABI indicates ankle‐brachial index; BMI, body mass index; CAC, coronary artery calcification; cIMT, carotid intima‐media thickness; MESA, Multi‐Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis; SHS, secondhand smoke.

a

Log‐transformed.

b

Significant values (P<0.05).