Table 4.

Effects of sex, state and source (wild versus common garden) on limb sizes of 1274 wild and 184 captive-reared toads from long-established populations in Queensland and invasion-front populations in West Australia. The significant main effect of source in all cases indicates that wild toads had relatively longer limbs than captive-reared toads. The significant shift in sexual dimorphism of limb lengths between states (indicated by significant sex × state interactions) does not differ between wild and common garden toads (all three-way interactions n.s.). Statistically significant values (p < 0.05) are highlighted in italics.

trait	effect	d.f.	F	p
total leg length	SVL	1,1447	8339.8	<0.0001
	state	1,1447	9.3	0.0023
	sex	1,1447	94.2	<0.0001
	state × sex	1,1447	21.9	<0.0001
	source	1,1447	182.3	<0.0001
	state × source	1,1447	0.23	0.6351
	sex × source	1,1447	0.5	0.4884
	state × sex × source	1,1447	0.4	0.5403
humerus	SVL	1,1449	5086.1	<0.0001
	state	1,1449	3.5	0.0628
	sex	1,1449	243.8	<0.0001
	state × sex	1,1449	21.9	<0.0001
	source	1,1449	114.5	<0.0001
	state × source	1,1449	0.7	0.4204
	sex × source	1,1449	2.3	0.1277
	state × sex × source	1,1449	0.04	0.8440
tibia	SVL	1,1449	9008.1	<0.0001
	state	1,1449	5.6	0.0180
	sex	1,1449	136.7	<0.0001
	state × sex	1,1449	23.4	<0.0001
	source	1,1449	167.1	<0.0001
	state × source	1,1449	0.01	0.9194
	sex × source	1,1449	0.3	0.5648
	state × sex × source	1,1449	0.7	0.3887
foot	SVL	1,1447	5697.3	<0.0001
	state	1,1447	6.9	0.0087
	sex	1,1447	47.7	<0.0001
	state × sex	1,1447	14.7	0.0001
	source	1,1447	121.7	<0.0001
	state × source	1,1447	1.1	0.2939
	sex × source	1,1447	0.2	0.6916
	state × sex × source	1,1447	0.4	0.5483