Table I.

A list of growth factors and their role in bone regeneration.

Growth factor/Protein	Known functions
EGF(60)	Growth and proliferation of mesenchymal and fibroblast cells, induction of granulation tissue formation and angiogenesis
PDGF-BB(61)	Chemo-attractant, induces mitogenesis, promotes angiogenesis, and extracellular matrix synthesis and deposition
TGF-β(62)	Regulation of cell proliferation, differentiation, and matrix synthesis
rhBMP(63)	Stimulation of angiogenesis and migration, induces proliferation and differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells into cartilage and bone-forming cells
VEGF(64)	Promotion of chemotaxis of MSCs, indirectly induces proliferation and differentiation of osteoblast precursor cells
bFGF(65, 66)	Stimulation of migration and proliferation of endothelial cells, hypertrophic chondrocyte differentiation, and osteoblast/osteoclast recruitment to the growth plate
Activin(67)	Induction of osteoblastic cell proliferation and collagen synthesis
IGF-I(68)	Induction of cellular proliferation and matrix synthesis

EGF: Epidermal Growth Factor

PDGF-BB: Platelet Derived Growth Factor-BB

TGF-β: Transforming Growth Factor Beta

rhBMP: Recombinant Human Bone Morphogenetic Proteins

VEGF: Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor

bFGF: Basic Fibroblast Growth Factor

IGF-1: Insulin-like Growth Factor 1