Table 1.

Reported defenses in grass shoots and roots.

Table indicates the reported presence of tannins, silica (SiO₂), oxalic acid, or calcium oxalate (H₂C₂O₄, CaC₂O₄), nitrate (NO₃−), benzoxazinoids (BXs), stored volatile terpenes such as monoterpenes, saponins, alkaloids of plant origin, alkaloids of endophytic fungal origin and cyanogenic glucosides. S, reported absence in shoots; S, reported presence in shoots (SS and SSS indicate more substantial concentrations); R, reported absence in roots; R, reported presence in roots (RR and RRR indicate more substantial concentrations).

References: 1, Ellis, 1990; 2, Jackson et al., 1996; 3, Awika and Rooney, 2004; 4, Hodson et al., 2005; 5, Sangster, 1978; 6, Hodson and Sangster, 1989; 7, Parry and Kelso, 1977; 8,McNaughton et al., 1985; 9,Geis, 1978; 10, Parry and Kelso, 1975; 11, Schaller et al., 2013; 12, Rahman and Kawamura, 2011; 13, McKenzie, 2012; 14, Rahman et al., 2010; 15, Marais et al., 1997; 16, Clay, 1990; 17, Crawford et al., 2010; 18, Hennessy et al., 2016; 19, Patchett et al., 2008; 20, Ryley et al., 2007; 21, Kato-Noguchi and Peters, 2013; 22, Zuniga et al., 1983; 23, Barria et al., 1992; 24, Rice et al., 2005; 25, Copaja et al., 2006; 26, Lu et al., 2012; 27, Robert et al., 2012; 28, Singh et al., 2003; 29, Koulman et al., 2008; 30, Kaul and Vats, 1998; 31, Cheeke, 1995; 32, Iason et al., 1995; 33, Volz and Clausen, 2001.