Figure 3. Both NENS and Nic improve glucose metabolism by reducing glucagon mediated hepatic glucose release.

(a) Glucose tolerance test, fasted mice (8 am–2 pm) were injected with glucose solution i.p. and blood glucose measured at the indicated time points. (b) Insulin levels measurement from blood plasma. n = 12 per group. Statistical significance (P) was determined by repeated measures and multiple comparisons Two-way ANOVA test. The data is showed as the mean ± S.E.M. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01 or ***p < 0.001 compared to the control (Ctr) chow or control (Ctr) high fat mice.