Table 1.

Study outcomes.

	PRE T1	PRE T2	PRE T3	POST T1	POST T2	POST T3	P value for group	P value for time	P value for group by time interaction	PRE effect size T1–T3	POST effect size T1–T3
Body weight (kg)	86.3 ± 17.8	85.4 ± 15.5	84.7 ± 15.9	80.3 ± 9.3	79.4 ± 9.1	79.6 ± 8.4	0.31	0.07	0.65	−0.12	−0.05
BM (DEXA) (kg)	79.9 ± 17.3	79.1 ± 14.8	78.4 ± 15.3	74.1 ± 9.0	73.0 ± 8.8	73.4 ± 8.1	0.32	0.09	0.52	−0.11	−0.05
Left arm TM (kg)	5.3 ± 1.0	5.2 ± 0.9	5.2 ± 1.2	4.6 ± 0.6	4.6 ± 0.6	4.6 ± 0.5	0.08	0.57	0.97	−0.08	−0.05
Right arm TM (kg)	5.4 ± 1.0	5.3 ± 0.7	5.4 ± 1.0	5.0 ± 0.7	4.8 ± 0.6	5.1 ± 0.7	0.20	0.18	0.53	−0.01	0.10
Left leg TM (kg)	14.4 ± 3.4	14.3 ± 2.8	14.1 ± 3.1	13.4 ± 1.9	13.3 ± 1.9	13.2 ± 1.8	0.39	0.45	0.96	−0.08	−0.08
Right leg TM (kg)	14.8 ± 3.5	14.9 ± 3.1	14.7 ± 3.3	13.7 ± 2.0	13.8 ± 2.1	13.6 ± 1.9	0.34	0.67	0.93	−0.01	−0.06
Total FM (DEXA) (kg)	12.2 ± 9.0	11.8 ± 9.3	10.9 ± 7.9	8.9 ± 3.5	8.1 ± 2.8	7.9 ± 2.4	0.24	0.001*	0.58	−0.20	−0.16
BF% (DEXA)	14.1 ± 6.4	13.8 ± 7.4	12.9 ± 5.9	12.0 ± 4.5	11.1 ± 3.7	10.8 ± 3.2	0.34	0.002*	0.66	−0.23	−0.24
Left arm FM (kg)	0.6 ± 0.3	0.5 ± 0.3	0.5 ± 0.4	0.5 ± 0.2	0.4 ± 0.1	0.4 ± 0.1	0.26	0.008*	0.80	−0.15	−0.23
Right arm FM (kg)	0.5 ± 0.3	0.5 ± 0.3	0.5 ± 0.3	0.5 ± 0.2	0.4 ± 0.1	0.4 ± 0.1	0.25	0.09	0.52	−0.16	−0.19
Left leg FM (kg)	2.4 ± 1.8	2.2 ± 1.6	2.1 ± 1.5	1.6 ± 0.7	1.5 ± 0.5	1.4 ± 0.5	0.17	0.0005*	0.42	−0.23	−0.12
Right leg FM (kg)	2.5 ± 1.8	2.4 ± 1.8	2.3 ± 1.7	1.7 ± 0.6	1.6 ± 0.6	1.6 ± 0.4	0.16	0.02*	0.85	−0.15	−0.11
Total LM (DEXA) (kg)	64.5 ± 8.9	64.6 ± 5.5	64.8 ± 7.4	62.6 ± 8.3	65.1 ± 12.2	63.0 ± 7.4	0.76	0.58	0.58	0.04	0.05
Left arm LM (kg)	4.5 ± 0.7	4.4 ± 0.7	4.5 ± 0.8	4.0 ± 0.6	3.9 ± 0.6	4.0 ± 0.5	0.09	0.74	0.93	−0.05	0.02
Right arm LM (kg)	4.6 ± 0.8	4.6 ± 0.5	4.6 ± 0.7	4.3 ± 0.6	4.2 ± 0.6	4.4 ± 0.6	0.25	0.09	0.55	0.03	0.19
Left leg LM (kg)	11.3 ± 1.5	11.5 ± 1.1	11.4 ± 1.4	11.2 ± 1.8	11.2 ± 1.9	11.2 ± 1.7	0.78	0.91	0.81	0.04	−0.04
Right leg LM (kg)	11.7 ± 1.6	11.9 ± 1.3	11.8 ± 1.5	11.4 ± 1.9	11.6 ± 1.9	11.4 ± 1.7	0.67	0.57	0.84	0.09	−0.02
Biceps T	41.5 ± 4.9	40.9 ± 6.0	42.1 ± 6.3	36.3 ± 4.1	36.7 ± 4.1	39.2 ± 5.9	0.06	0.09	0.48	0.12	0.57
Triceps T	51.5 ± 9.3	50.8 ± 9.3	51.9 ± 8.8	53.5 ± 7.5	50.2 ± 8.9	54.0 ± 6.5	0.74	0.23	0.61	0.05	0.06
Lateral quad T	56.6 ± 4.7	55.0 ± 5.2	54.1 ± 4.7	54.9 ± 7.2	56.0 ± 7.3	53.5 ± 6.1	0.76	0.19	0.69	−0.40	−0.23
Medial quad T	65.4 ± 6.7	66.9 ± 8.1	64.5 ± 11.8	67.6 ± 7.6	67.9 ± 8.1	68.6 ± 7.0	0.47	0.77	0.52	−0.13	0.14
Squat 1-RM	159 ± 22	164 ± 23	165 ± 23	146 ± 28	150 ± 25	154 ± 21	0.23	0.003*	0.73	0.24	0.30
Bench 1-RM	124 ± 16	126 ± 20	126 ± 18	117 ± 23	118 ± 23	121 ± 22	0.48	0.07	0.50	0.15	0.20

Notes.

^*Indicates statistically significant result.

T1

Baseline

T2

Midpoint

T3

Endpoint