Table 1. Baseline Characteristics of Participants 35 to 84 Years of Age, According to Sex and Diabetes Status at Recruitment.*.
| Variable | Men (N = 47,887) | Women (N = 98,159) | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Previously Diagnosed Diabetes (N = 6,229) | No Previously Diagnosed Diabetes (N = 41,658) | Previously Diagnosed Diabetes (N = 12,839) | No Previously Diagnosed Diabetes (N = 85,320) | |
| Age — yr | 59±11 | 52±12 | 59±11 | 50±12 |
| Duration of diabetes — yr† | 9±7 | NA | 9±7 | NA |
| Age of onset of diabetes <35 yr and insulin use at baseline — no. (%)‡ | 73 (1) | NA | 142 (1) | NA |
| Glycated hemoglobin level | ||||
| No. of participants with data§ | 6,085 | 40,352 | 12,587 | 83,077 |
| Mean level — % | 8.9±2.5 | 5.6±1.0 | 9.0±2.4 | 5.6±0.9 |
| Median level (IQR) — % | 8.7 (6.7–10.8) | 5.4 (5.3–5.7) | 8.8 (7.0–10.9) | 5.4 (5.3–5.7) |
| Level ≥6.5% — no. (%)¶ | 4,818 (79) | 2,412 (6.0) | 10,342 (82) | 4,706 (5.7) |
| Level >9.0% — no. (%)¶ | 2,866 (47) | 892 (2.2) | 6,137 (49) | 1,584 (1.9) |
| Level >10.0% — no. (%)‖ | 2,093 (34) | 642 (1.6) | 4,564 (36) | 1,250 (1.5) |
| Residence — no. (%) | ||||
| Coyoacán district | 2,316 (37) | 18,323 (44) | 4,158 (32) | 33,273 (39) |
| Iztapalapa district** | 3,913 (63) | 23,335 (56) | 8,681 (68) | 52,047 (61) |
| Graduated from university or college | 932 (15) | 10,598 (25) | 498 (4) | 11,032 (13) |
| Current smoker | 2,430 (39) | 18,788 (45) | 1,804 (14) | 17,935 (21) |
| Anthropometric and blood pressure measurements†† | ||||
| Height — cm | 163±7 | 163±8 | 150±7 | 150±9 |
| Weight — kg | 73±13 | 74±15 | 66±13 | 66±17 |
| Body-mass index‡‡ | 27.2±5.1 | 27.6±5.8 | 29.3±5.2 | 29.2±6.7 |
| Waist circumference — cm | 96±12 | 97±13 | 96±12 | 94±16 |
| Hip circumference — cm | 99±11 | 101±12 | 106±11 | 106±14 |
| Waist-to-hip ratio | 0.7±0.07 | 0.96±0.08 | 0.91±0.07 | 0.89±0.09 |
| Blood pressure — mm Hg | ||||
| Systolic | 132±16 | 131±18 | 134±16 | 129±21 |
| Diastolic | 85±10 | 85±12 | 84±10 | 83±13 |
| Antidiabetic medication — no. (%) | ||||
| Insulin | 358 (6) | NA | 993 (8) | NA |
| Biguanide, such as metformin | 1,043 (17) | NA | 2,394 (19) | NA |
| Sulfonylurea | 4,235 (68) | NA | 8,847 (69) | NA |
| Other antidiabetic medication | 86 (1) | NA | 188 (1) | NA |
| Other long-term medication — no. (%) | ||||
| Antihypertensive medication | ||||
| Any§§ | 1,281 (21) | 3,567 (9) | 4,359 (34) | 12,006 (14) |
| Renin–angiotensin system inhibitor | 1,012 (16) | 2,626 (6) | 3,425 (27) | 8,756 (10) |
| Other | 353 (6) | 1,332 (3) | 1,190 (9) | 4,251 (5) |
| Any antithrombotic medication | 138 (2) | 911 (2) | 298 (2) | 2,277 (3) |
| Any lipid-lowering medication | 92 (1) | 167 (<0.5) | 131 (1) | 352 (<0.5) |
Plus–minus values are means ±SD. Differences between men with diabetes and men without diabetes were significant (P<0.05) for all characteristics except waist circumference, diastolic blood pressure, and the use of antithrombotic medication. All differences between women with diabetes and women without diabetes were significant except for body-mass index and hip circumference. Analyses excluded data from participants with previously diagnosed chronic disease (chronic kidney disease, ischemic heart disease, stroke, cirrhosis, cancer, or emphysema). IQR denotes interquartile range, and NA not applicable.
At recruitment, we recorded only the decade of diagnosis of diabetes; mean duration of diabetes was estimated by assuming each diagnosis date to be in the middle of its possible range.
These factors were considered to be indicative of type 1 diabetes.
Glycated hemoglobin assays are available for 97% of participants.
Glycated hemoglobin values that indicate no diabetes are nonnormally distributed, with many being several standard deviations above the median. Values of at least 6.5% indicate undiagnosed diabetes; values greater than 9.0% reflect poor glycemic control. (Mean glycated hemoglobin was 8.4%, 9.1%, and 9.5% among participants who reported taking 0, 1, or at least 2 antidiabetic medications, respectively, but adherence to medication is unknown.)
Among participants with previously diagnosed diabetes, the percentage with a glycated hemoglobin level of greater than 10.0% was 44% among persons 35 to 44 years of age, 44% among persons 45 to 54 years of age, 37% among persons 55 to 64 years of age, 27% among persons 65 to 74 years of age, and 19% among persons 75 to 84 years of age.
Iztapalapa is a poorer district than Coyoacán.
Values were standardized to the age distribution of all men and women without chronic disease (other than diabetes) at recruitment.
The body-mass index is the weight in kilograms divided by the square of the height in meters.
Some participants were receiving more than one antihypertensive medication.