Table 6. Odds ratios for prostate cancer with dietary intake by disease stage.
| Food or nutrient intake (1 s.d.)a | Localised or advanced stage, N=1503/2418b,c | Localised stage, N=1277/1952c | Advanced stage, N=226/466c | P value for heterogeneity by disease staged |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Red meat (31.3 g/d) | 1.01 (0.94–1.09) | 1.04 (0.96–1.13) | 0.83 (0.66–1.04) | 0.06 |
| Processed meat (21.8 g/d) | 1.00 (0.93–1.08) | 1.01 (0.93–1.09) | 0.99 (0.80–1.24) | 0.92 |
| Red and processed meat (39.8 g/d) | 1.01 (0.93–1.09) | 1.04 (0.96–1.13) | 0.85 (0.67–1.07) | 0.11 |
| Poultry (25.1 g/d) | 0.99 (0.92–1.06) | 0.99 (0.91–1.07) | 0.99 (0.81–1.21) | 0.96 |
| White fish (17.4 g/d) | 1.00 (0.93–1.08) | 0.99 (0.92–1.08) | 1.10 (0.90–1.35) | 0.37 |
| Oily fish (21.7 g/d) | 1.02 (0.95–1.10) | 1.02 (0.94–1.10) | 1.06 (0.87–1.29) | 0.71 |
| Milk (144 g/d) | 1.02 (0.95–1.11) | 1.01 (0.93–1.10) | 1.11 (0.92–1.35) | 0.36 |
| Cheese (17.2 g/d) | 0.93 (0.86–1.01) | 0.90 (0.83–0.99) | 1.03 (0.84–1.26) | 0.25 |
| Yogurt (44.5 g/d) | 0.96 (0.89–1.03) | 0.96 (0.89–1.03) | 1.01 (0.80–1.27) | 0.65 |
| Fruit and vegetables (172 g/d) | 0.98 (0.91–1.06) | 0.97 (0.89–1.05) | 1.11 (0.90–1.36) | 0.23 |
| Energy intake (2.10 MJ/d) | 1.03 (0.95–1.11) | 1.00 (0.92–1.08) | 1.23 (1.00–1.51) | 0.07 |
| Protein (2.7% energy) | 1.01 (0.93–1.09) | 1.01 (0.92–1.11) | 1.00 (0.79–1.27) | 0.96 |
| Protein from dairy products (1.3% energy) | 0.97 (0.90–1.04) | 0.94 (0.87–1.02) | 1.09 (0.88–1.34) | 0.21 |
| Carbohydrate (6.8% energy) | 0.98 (0.91–1.06) | 0.98 (0.90–1.07) | 1.04 (0.83–1.29) | 0.64 |
| Total fat (5.4% energy) | 1.05 (0.97–1.13) | 1.04 (0.96–1.13) | 1.03 (0.84–1.27) | 0.93 |
| Saturated fat (3.0% energy) | 1.04 (0.96–1.12) | 1.02 (0.94–1.11) | 1.08 (0.88–1.34) | 0.62 |
| Monounsaturated fat (2.1% energy) | 1.04 (0.97–1.12) | 1.05 (0.97–1.13) | 0.99 (0.81–1.22) | 0.64 |
| Polyunsaturated fat (1.7% energy) | 1.04 (0.96–1.11) | 1.05 (0.97–1.14) | 0.94 (0.77–1.16) | 0.33 |
| n-6 fatty acids (1.8% energy)b | 0.98 (0.89–1.07) | 0.99 (0.90–1.10) | 0.91 (0.73–1.13) | 0.48 |
| n-3 fatty acids (0.27% energy)b | 1.01 (0.93–1.10) | 1.02 (0.93–1.12) | 0.96 (0.75–1.22) | 0.67 |
| Ratio n-6:n-3 (3.7)b | 1.01 (0.92–1.10) | 1.01 (0.92–1.12) | 0.97 (0.79–1.20) | 0.70 |
| Alcohol (21.6 g/d) | 0.97 (0.90–1.05) | 0.97 (0.90–1.06) | 0.93 (0.74–1.17) | 0.72 |
| Dietary fibre (6.0 g/d) | 0.98 (0.90–1.06) | 0.96 (0.88–1.05) | 1.14 (0.91–1.43) | 0.17 |
| Retinol (1055 μg/d) | 1.03 (0.95–1.11) | 1.02 (0.93–1.11) | 1.09 (0.91–1.29) | 0.50 |
| Carotene (1568 μg/d)b | 1.02 (0.93–1.11) | 1.00 (0.91–1.11) | 1.06 (0.84–1.35) | 0.66 |
| Lycopene (1978 μg/d)b | 0.98 (0.90–1.06) | 0.98 (0.90–1.07) | 0.93 (0.72–1.19) | 0.67 |
| Vitamin B6 (0.67 mg/d) | 1.02 (0.94–1.11) | 1.02 (0.93–1.12) | 1.08 (0.84–1.38) | 0.70 |
| Folate (90 μg/d) | 1.01 (0.93–1.10) | 1.00 (0.92–1.10) | 1.08 (0.85–1.38) | 0.58 |
| Vitamin B12 (3.97 μg/d) | 1.04 (0.97–1.12) | 1.04 (0.96–1.13) | 1.05 (0.86–1.29) | 0.93 |
| Vitamin C (52.8 mg/d) | 1.00 (0.92–1.08) | 1.00 (0.92–1.09) | 0.99 (0.79–1.24) | 0.93 |
| Vitamin D (2.77 μg/d) | 1.02 (0.95–1.09) | 1.03 (0.96–1.12) | 0.94 (0.74–1.19) | 0.44 |
| Vitamin E (4.9 mg/d) | 1.03 (0.94–1.13) | 1.04 (0.94–1.15) | 0.97 (0.78–1.21) | 0.57 |
| Calcium (283 mg/d) | 0.97 (0.88–1.07) | 0.96 (0.86–1.06) | 1.06 (0.82–1.37) | 0.47 |
| Iron (3.9 mg/d) | 0.99 (0.91–1.09) | 1.02 (0.92–1.12) | 0.87 (0.67–1.13) | 0.28 |
| Magnesium (91 mg/d) | 0.97 (0.89–1.07) | 0.96 (0.87–1.06) | 1.08 (0.83–1.41) | 0.42 |
| Selenium (34.5 μg/d) | 1.00 (0.93–1.08) | 0.99 (0.90–1.08) | 0.99 (0.83–1.17) | 0.99 |
| Zinc (2.53 mg/d) | 1.00 (0.91–1.10) | 1.01 (0.91–1.12) | 0.96 (0.73–1.26) | 0.75 |
a
Conditional logistic regression adjusted for age, BMI, smoking, marital status, diabetes, socioeconomic status and energy intake.
b
Stage unknown for 214 cases.
c
Number of cases and controls.
d
Test of heterogeneity of trends between localised and advanced disease.